Journal List > Korean J Urogenit Tract Infect Inflamm > v.9(2) > 1059955

Han: Recommended Managements for the Male Human Papillomavirus Infection

Abstract

Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common, usually transient, dermatologic infection transmitted by genital contact which can cause a variety of anogenital diseases, including warts (condyloma), dysplasia (cervical, vaginal, vulvar, anal), and squamous cell carcinoma. A number of treatment modalities are available for treatment of anogenital warts, both patient- and provider-applied. Genital warts are benign and resolve spontaneously in some patients, and removal of lesions does not guarantee elimination of all organisms or confer protection from recurrence. Treatment consists of diverse drug application locally and surgical therapy. Urethral warts are an uncommon presentation of HPV and could be treated by endoscopic surgery accompanied by intraurethral instillation of medications. Bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines are approved for prevention of HPV infection. Both are indicated for prevention of cervical cancer, while the quadrivalent vaccine is also approved for prevention of vaginal/vulvar cancers as well as genital warts in males and females.

REFERENCES

1. Munoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, Herrero R, Castellsague X, Shah KV, et al. International Agency for Research on Cancer Multicenter Cervical Cancer Study Group. Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348:518–27.
crossref
2. Schiffman M. Integration of human papillomavirus vaccination, cytology, and human papillomavirus testing. Cancer. 2007; 111:145–53.
crossref
3. World Health Organization. Vaccines against human papillomavirus [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2010. [cited 2010 Jan 19]. Available from:. http://www.who.int/vaccines/en/hpvrd.shtml/shtml/shtml.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Genital HPV infection—STD fact sheet [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2010. [cited 2010 Sep 2]. Available from:. http://www.cdc.gov/STD/HPV/STDFact-HPV.htm.
5. Dunne EF, Unger ER, Sternberg M, McQuillan G, Swan DC, Patel SS, et al. Prevalence of HPV infection among females in the United States. JAMA. 2007; 297:813–9.
crossref
6. Pham TH, Nguyen TH, Herrero R, Vaccarella S, Smith JS, Nguyen Thuy TT, et al. Human papillomavirus infection among women in South and North Vietnam. Int J Cancer. 2003; 104:213–20.
7. Bosch FX, Manos MM, Munoz N, Sherman M, Jansen AM, Peto J, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: a worldwide perspective. International biological study on cervical cancer (IBSCC) Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995; 87:796–802.
8. Stanley M. Immune responses to human papillomavirus. Vaccine. 2006; 24(Suppl 1):S16–22.
crossref
9. de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur Hausen H. Classification of papillomaviruses. Virology. 2004; 324:17–27.
crossref
10. Derkay CS, Wiatrak B. Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: a review. Laryngoscope. 2008; 118:1236–47.
crossref
11. Clifford G, Franceschi S, Diaz M, Munoz N, Villa LL. Chapter 3: HPV type-distribution in women with and without cervical neoplastic diseases. Vaccine. 2006; 24(Suppl 3):S3/26–34.
crossref
12. Mantovani F, Banks L. The human papillomavirus E6 protein and its contribution to malignant progression. Oncogene. 2001; 20:7874–87.
crossref
13. Münger K, Basile JR, Duensing S, Eichten A, Gonzalez SL, Grace M, et al. Biological activities and molecular targets of the human papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein. Oncogene. 2001; 20:7888–98.
crossref
14. Castle PE. Beyond human papillomavirus: the cervix, exogenous secondary factors, and the development of cervical precancer and cancer. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2004; 8:224–30.
crossref
15. Burchell AN, Winer RL, de Sanjosé S, Franco EL. Chapter 6: epidemiology and transmission dynamics of genital HPV infection. Vaccine. 2006; 24(Suppl 3):): S3/. 52–61.
crossref
16. Doorbar J. The papillomavirus life cycle. J Clin Virol. 2005; 32(Suppl 1):S7–15.
crossref
17. Koutsky LA, Holmes KK, Critchlow CW, Stevens CE, Paavonen J, Beckmann AM, et al. A cohort study of the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 in relation to papillomavirus infection. N Engl J Med. 1992; 327:1272–8.
crossref
18. Myers ER, McCrory DC, Nanda K, Bastian L, Matchar DB. Mathematical model for the natural history of human papillomavirus infection and cervical carcinogenesis. Am J Epidemiol. 2000; 151:1158–71.
crossref
19. Ostor AG. Natural history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a critical review. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1993; 12:186–92.
20. Pinto AP, Crum CP. Natural history of cervical neoplasia: defining progression and its consequence. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 43:352–62.
crossref
21. Richart RM, Barron BA. A followup study of patients with cervical dysplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1969; 105:386–93.
crossref
22. Parkin DM, Bray F. Chapter 2: the burden of HPV-related cancers. Vaccine. 2006; 24(Suppl 3):): S3/. 11–25.
crossref
23. Koutsky LA, Galloway DA, Holmes KK. Epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection. Epidemiol Rev. 1988; 10:122–63.
crossref
24. Burk RD, Kelly P, Feldman J, Bromberg J, Vermund SH, DeHovitz JA, et al. Declining prevalence of cervicovaginal human papillomavirus infection with age is independent of other risk factors. Sex Transm Dis. 1996; 23:333–41.
crossref
25. Ho GY, Bierman R, Beardsley L, Chang CJ, Burk RD. Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338:423–8.
crossref
26. Joo WD, Kim SH, Kim DY, Suh DS, Kim JH, Kim YM, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in Korean women: risks of abnormal pap smear and cervical neoplasia. Korean J Gynecol Oncol Colposc. 2004; 15:309–16.
27. Kim SH, Lee KY, Park TJ, Kim JS, Kim YM, O HS. Factors related to human papilloma virus infection rate in women. Korean J Fam Med. 2009; 30:972–8.
crossref
28. Lee EH, Um TH, Chi HS, Hong YJ, Cha YJ. Prevalence and distribution of human papillomavirus infection in Korean women as determined by restriction fragment mass polymorphism assay. J Korean Med Sci. 2012; 27:1091–7.
crossref
29. Clifford GM, Shin HR, Oh JK, Waterboer T, Ju YH, Vaccarella S, et al. Serologic response to oncogenic human papillomavirus types in male and female university students in Busan, South Korea. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007; 16:1874–9.
crossref
30. Choi BS, Kim O, Park MS, Kim KS, Jeong JK, Lee JS. Genital human papillomavirus genotyping by HPV oligonucleotide microarray in Korean commercial sex workers. J Med Virol. 2003; 71:440–5.
crossref
31. Cook LS, Koutsky LA, Holmes KK. Clinical presentation of genital warts among circumcised and uncircumcised heterosexual men attending an urban STD clinic. Genitourin Med. 1993; 69:262–4.
crossref
32. Sonnex C, Scholefield JH, Kocjan G, Kelly G, Whatrup C, Mindel A, et al. Anal human papillomavirus infection in heterosexuals with genital warts: prevalence and relation with sexual behaviour. BMJ. 1991; 303:1243.
crossref
33. Beutner KR, Reitano MV, Richwald GA, Wiley DJ. External genital warts: report of the American Medical Association Consensus Conference. AMA Expert Panel on External Genital Warts. Clin Infect Dis. 1998; 27:796–806.
34. Beutner KR, Wiley DJ, Douglas JM, Tyring SK, Fife K, Trofatter K, et al. Genital warts and their treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 1999; 28(Suppl 1):S37–56.
crossref
35. Balik E, Eren T, Bugra D. A surgical approach to anogenital Buschke Loewenstein tumours (giant condyloma acuminata). Acta Chir Belg. 2009; 109:612–6.
crossref
36. Wessendorf U, Bruch-Gerharz D, Braunstein S, Braunstein R, Schulte KW, Reifenberger J. Giant condyloma of the penis with malignant transformation associated with lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Hautarzt. 2009; 60:787–9.
37. Ihm CW, Park SL, Sung SY, Lee IS. Bowenoid epidermotropic metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol. 1996; 23:479–84.
crossref
38. Collina G, Rossi E, Bettelli S, Cook MG, Cesinaro AM, Trentini GP. Detection of human papillomavirus in extragenital Bowen's disease using in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. Am J Dermatopathol. 1995; 17:236–41.
crossref
39. Ikenberg H, Gissmann L, Gross G, Grussendorf-Conen EI, zur Hausen H. Human papillomavirus type-16-related DNA in genital Bowen's disease and in Bowenoid papulosis. Int J Cancer. 1983; 32:563–5.
crossref
40. Wade TR, Kopf AW, Ackerman AB. Bowenoid papulosis of the genitalia. Arch Dermatol. 1979; 115:306–8.
crossref
41. Lloyd KM. Multicentric pigmented Bowen's disease of the groin. Arch Dermatol. 1970; 101:48–51.
crossref
42. Wade TR, Kopf AW, Ackerman AB. Bowenoid papulosis of the penis. Cancer. 1978; 42:1890–903.
crossref
43. Pala S, Poleva I, Vocatura A. The presence of HPV types 6/11, 16/18, 31/33/51 in Bowenoid papulosis demonstrated by DNA in situ hybridization. Int J STD AIDS. 2000; 11:823–4.
44. Yoneta A, Yamashita T, Jin HY, Iwasawa A, Kondo S, Jimbow K. Development of squamous cell carcinoma by two high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), a novel HPV-67 and HPV-31 from bowenoid papulosis. Br J Dermatol. 2000; 143:604–8.
crossref
45. Hording U, Daugaard S, Junge J, Lundvall F. Human papillomaviruses and multifocal genital neoplasia. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1996; 15:230–4.
crossref
46. Wolf R, Davidovici B. Treatment of genital warts: facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol. 2010; 28:546–8.
crossref
47. Stone KM, Becker TM, Hadgu A, Kraus SJ. Treatment of external genital warts: a randomised clinical trial comparing podophyllin, cryotherapy, and electrodesiccation. Genitourin Med. 1990; 66:16–9.
crossref
48. Abdullah AN, Walzman M, Wade A. Treatment of external genital warts comparing cryotherapy (liquid nitrogen) and trichloroacetic acid. Sex Transm Dis. 1993; 20:344–5.
49. Roongpisuthipong A, Chalermchockcharoenkit A, Thamkhantho M, Thanaboonyawat I, Neungton C. Current therapy for condyloma acuminata of the patients attending female STD Unit, Siriraj Hospital. J Med Assoc Thai. 2010; 93:643–6.
50. Perry CM, Lamb HM. Topical imiquimod: a review of its use in genital warts. Drugs. 1999; 58:375–90.
51. Edwards L, Ferenczy A, Eron L, Baker D, Owens ML, Fox TL, et al. Self-administered topical 5% imiquimod cream for external anogenital warts. HPV Study Group. Human PapillomaVirus. Arch Dermatol. 1998; 134:25–30.
52. Forcier M, Musacchio N. An overview of human papillomavirus infection for the dermatologist: disease, diagnosis, management, and prevention. Dermatol Ther. 2010; 23:458–76.
crossref
53. Miller RL, Gerster JF, Owens ML, Slade HB, Tomai MA. Imiquimod applied topically: a novel immune response modifier and new class of drug. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1999; 21:1–14.
54. Keating MA, Young RH, Carr CP, Nikrui N, Heney NM. Condyloma acuminatum of the bladder and ureter: case report and review of the literature. J Urol. 1985; 133:465–7.
crossref
55. Dretler SP, Klein LA. The eradication of intraurethral condyloma acuminata with 5 per cent 5-fluorouracil cream. J Urol. 1975; 113:195–8.
crossref
56. Wein AJ, Benson GS. Treatment of urethral condyloma acuminatum with 5-fluorouracil cream. Urology. 1977; 9:413–5.
crossref
57. Blokker RS, Lock TM, de Boorder T. Comparing thulium laser and Nd: YAG laser in the treatment of genital and urethral condylomata acuminata in male patients. Lasers Surg Med. 2013; 45:582–8.
58. Lee KC, Cho IR. Genital and urethral warts. Korean J Urogenit Tract Infect Inflamm. 2010; 5:151–60.
59. Manhart LE, Koutsky LA. Do condoms prevent genital HPV infection, external genital warts, or cervical neoplasia? A metaanalysis. Sex Transm Dis. 2002; 29:725–35.
60. Hagensee ME, Yaegashi N, Galloway DA. Self-assembly of human papillomavirus type 1 capsids by expression of the L1 protein alone or by coexpression of the L1 and L2 capsid proteins. J Virol. 1993; 67:315–22.
crossref
61. Mao C, Koutsky LA, Ault KA, Wheeler CM, Brown DR, Wiley DJ, et al. Efficacy of human papillomavirus-16 vaccine to prevent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 107:18–27.
TOOLS
Similar articles