Journal List > Korean J Urogenit Tract Infect Inflamm > v.8(2) > 1059915

Kim, Kim, Park, Kim, Kim, and Huh: Characteristics of Uropathogens in Patients with Bladder Stones

Abstract

Purpose

Bladder stones is not a rare disease, however, the number of patients with bladder stones has decreased due to improvement of nutrition, hygiene, and optimal antibiotics. Bladder stones are typically found in adults with urinary stasis, such as foreign body, benign prostate hyperplasia, spinal cord injury, and urinary tract infection, and in children with congenital genito-urinary abnormality. The aim of this study was to identify the clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients with bladder stones.

Materials and Methods

Patients who had bladder stones between March 2009 and December 2012 were retrospectively reviewed (Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea). We analyzed the presence of spinal cord injury, cancer, previous urinary tract calculi, and urinary tract infection associated with bladder stones and also investigated the largest diameter of bladder stone, and the number of bladder stones, as well as urine and blood culture.

Results

A total of 39 patients underwent cystolithotomy or cystolithotripsy. The most common presenting symptoms were voiding disturbance (n=15, 38.5%) and hematuria (n=10, 25.6%). Of these patients, 17 (43.3%) had positive growth of organisms. Of these organisms, Escherichia coli was found in five patients, Enterococcus fecalis in three patients, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in three patients, Klebsiella pneumoniae in two patients, Staphylococcus aureus in two patients, Proteus mirabilis in one patient, and Citrobacter in one patient.

Conclusions

We believe that urinary tract infection is a major risk factor in patients with bladder stones. Proper antibiotics would be required in order to reduce the risk of formation of bladder calculi. Further investigation will be needed.

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Table 1.
Clinical characteristics
Characteristic n (%) Mean±SD
Gender    
 Male 30 (76.9)  
 Female 9 (23.1)  
Age (year)   67.4±12.2
Symptom    
 Hematuria 10 (25.6)  
 Voiding disturbance 15 (38.5)  
 Dysuria 3 (7.7)  
 Abdominal pain 3 (7.7)  
 Etc. 8 (20.5)  
Stone (n)   2.3±1.7
Size of bladder stone (cm)   3.2±2.8
Duration of admission (day)   7.9±8.6
 Cystolithotomy 11 (28.2) 13.5±14.4
 Litholapaxy by lithoclast 28 (71.8) 5.8±3.3
 Urinary tract infection 17 (43.6)  

SD: standard deviation.

Table 2.
Factors related with urinary tract infection (UTI)
Parameter UTI (n, %) No-UTI (n, %) p-value
Gender     0.620
 Male 13 (33.3) 17 (43.6)  
 Female 4 (10.3) 5 (12.8)  
DM     0.402
 + 2 (5.1) 1 (2.6)  
 - 15 (38.3) 21 (53.8)  
CVA     0.169
 + 0 (0) 3 (7.7)  
 - 17 (43.6) 19 (48.7)  
Cancer     0.004
 + 6 (15.4) 0 (0)  
 - 11 (28.2) 22 (56.4)  
Spinal injury     -
 + 0 (0) 0 (0)  
 - 17 (43.6) 22 (56.4)  
HTN     0.199
 + 6 (15.4) 4 (10.3)  
 - 11 (28.2) 18 (46.2)  
Stone Hx     0.509
 + 10 (25.6) 14 (35.9)  
 - 7 (17.9) 8 (20.5)  
Foley catheter insertion     0.050
 + 7 (17.9) 3 (7.7)  
 - 10 (25.6) 19 (48.7)  
Complications after OP (hematuria)     0.402
 + 2 (5.1) 1 (2.6)  
 - 15 (38.5) 36 (92.3)  

DM: diabetes mellitus, CVA: cerebrovascular accident, HTN: hypertension, OP: operation for bladder stone, +: presence, -: absence.

Table 3.
Antibiotics sensitivity of uropathogens (n=17)
Antibiotics Escherichia coli (n=5) Enterococcus fecalis (n=3) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=3) Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=2) Staphylococcus aureus (n=2) Proteus mirabilis (n=1) Citrobacter (n=1)
Ampicillin 0 2 0 - 1 0 0
Amoxillin/clavulanic acid 0 - - - 1 0 0
Amikacin 3 - 1 2 - 1 1
Fosfomycin 2 1 1 - 1 - 1
Cephalothin 1 - 0 - - - 0
Cefepime 3 - 2 2 - 0 1
Gentemicin 3 1 1 2 1 1 1
Imipenem 5 3 2 2 1 1 1
TMP/SMX 4 0 0 - 1 1 1
Cefotaxime 3 - 0 0 1 0 0
Tobramycin 2 - 2 2 - - 1
Levofloxacin 0 1 1 1 2 1 1
Ciprofloxacin 3 0 3 2 1 - 1
Piperacillin/tazobactam 4 - 2 2 - 1 0

TMP/SMX: trimethopriom/sulfamethoxazole.

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