PDF
ePub
Citation
Print
Abstract
Purpose
Bladder stones is not a rare disease, however, the number of patients with bladder stones has decreased due to improvement of nutrition, hygiene, and optimal antibiotics. Bladder stones are typically found in adults with urinary stasis, such as foreign body, benign prostate hyperplasia, spinal cord injury, and urinary tract infection, and in children with congenital genito-urinary abnormality. The aim of this study was to identify the clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients with bladder stones.
Materials and Methods
Patients who had bladder stones between March 2009 and December 2012 were retrospectively reviewed (Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea). We analyzed the presence of spinal cord injury, cancer, previous urinary tract calculi, and urinary tract infection associated with bladder stones and also investigated the largest diameter of bladder stone, and the number of bladder stones, as well as urine and blood culture.
Results
A total of 39 patients underwent cystolithotomy or cystolithotripsy. The most common presenting symptoms were voiding disturbance (n=15, 38.5%) and hematuria (n=10, 25.6%). Of these patients, 17 (43.3%) had positive growth of organisms. Of these organisms, Escherichia coli was found in five patients, Enterococcus fecalis in three patients, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in three patients, Klebsiella pneumoniae in two patients, Staphylococcus aureus in two patients, Proteus mirabilis in one patient, and Citrobacter in one patient.
REFERENCES
1. Benway BM, Bhayani S. Lower urinary tract calculi. Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Campbell MF, Walsh PC, editors. Campbell-Walsh urology. 10th ed.Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2012. p. 2521–30.
2. Kim YG, Moon YT. Lower urinary tract calculi. Han SW, Kim GK, Kim DY, Kim SJ, Kim JC, Kim HJ, editors. Urology. 4th ed.Seoul: Ilchokak;2007. p. 217–46.
3. Lee HK, Lee SH, Han KH, Lee BH, Choi HJ, Ha IS, et al. Urinary lithiasis in children: a single center study. J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol. 2007; 11:280–7.
4. Silva AI, Sousa P, Miranda MJ, Andrade MJ. Bladder stones in acute spinal cord injury. Acta Med Port. 2010; 23:119–24.
5. Philippou P, Moraitis K, Masood J, Junaid I, Buchholz N. The management of bladder lithiasis in the modern era of endourology. Urology. 2012; 79:980–6.
6. Kawu AA, Olawepo A, Salami O, Kuranga SA, Shamsi H, Jeje EA. Bladder stones in catheterized spinal cord-injured patients in Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract. 2012; 15:156–8.
7. Blyth B, Ewalt DH, Duckett JW, Snyder HM 3rd. Lithogenic properties of enterocystoplasty. J Urol. 1992; 148:575–7. discussion 578-9.
8. Kronner KM, Casale AJ, Cain MP, Zerin MJ, Keating MA, Rink RC. Bladder calculi in the pediatric augmented bladder. J Urol. 1998; 160:1096–8.
9. Naftchi NE, Viau AT, Sell GH, Lowman EW. Mineral metabolism in spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1980; 61:139–42.
10. DeVivo MJ, Fine PR, Cutter GR, Maetz HM. The risk of bladder calculi in patients with spinal cord injuries. Arch Intern Med. 1985; 145:428–30.
11. Mobley HL, Warren JW. Urease-positive bacteriuria and obstruction of longterm urinary catheters. J Clin Microbiol. 1987; 25:2216–7.
12. Kim HJ, Kim YJ, Kim SD, Song HJ, Kim SH, Huh JS. The characteristics of uropathogen after percutaneous nephrostomy in patients with palliative care. Korean J Urogenit Tract Infect Inflamm. 2012; 7:142–8.
13. Kim SD, Kim YJ, Huh JS. Bladder stone causing acute renal failure and urinary tract infection. Korean J Urogenit Tract Infect Inflamm. 2012; 7:178–81.
14. Ashworth M. Endemic bladder stones. BMJ. 1990; 301:826–7.
15. Torricelli FC, Mazzucchi E, Danilovic A, Coelho RF, Srougi M. Surgical management of bladder stones: literature review. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2013; 40:227–33.
16. Schwartz BF, Stoller ML. Percutaneous management of caliceal diverticula. Urol Clin North Am. 2000; 27:635–45.
17. Childs MA, Mynderse LA, Rangel LJ, Wilson TM, Lingeman JE, Krambeck AE. Pathogenesis of bladder calculi in the presence of urinary stasis. J Urol. 2013; 189:1347–51.
18. Chen Y, DeVivo MJ, Lloyd LK. Bladder stone incidence in persons with spinal cord injury: determinants and trends, 1973-1996. Urology. 2001; 58:665–70.
19. Ord J, Lunn D, Reynard J. Bladder management and risk of bladder stone formation in spinal cord injured patients. J Urol. 2003; 170:1734–7.
20. Stav K, Dwyer PL. Urinary bladder stones in women. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2012; 67:715–25.
21. Sundaram CP, Houshiar AM, Reddy PK. Bladder stone causing renal failure. Minn Med. 1997; 80:25–6.
22. Wei W, Wang J. A huge bladder calculus causing acute renal failure. Urol Res. 2010; 38:231–2.
23. Hwang Y, Jang UH, Yu DH, Kim KH, Noh JH. Emphysematous pyelonephritis in a solitary kidney managed successfully by percutaneous drainage. Korean J Urogenit Tract Infect Inflamm. 2008; 3:104–7.
24. Kaur N, Attam A, Gupta A, Amratash . Spontaneous bladder rupture caused by a giant vesical calculus. Int Urol Nephrol. 2006; 38:487–9.
25. Douenias R, Rich M, Badlani G, Mazor D, Smith A. Predisposing factors in bladder calculi. Review of 100 cases. Urology. 1991; 37:240–3.
26. Linsenmeyer MA, Linsenmeyer TA. Accuracy of predicting bladder stones based on catheter encrustation in individuals with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2006; 29:402–5.
27. Linsenmeyer TA, Ottenweller J. Bladder stones following SCI in the Sprague-Dawley rat. J Spinal Cord Med. 2003; 26:65–8.
28. Kim YR, Huh JS, Kang SH. Patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility of the causative bacteria of urinary tract infections in recent years in an island region. Korean J Clin Microbiol. 2007; 10:19–24.
Table 1.
Clinical characteristics
Table 2.
Factors related with urinary tract infection (UTI)
Table 3.
Antibiotics sensitivity of uropathogens (n=17)
XML Download