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Abstract
Increases in cardiovascular disease (CVD) in modern society are attributable to aging and lifestyle changes such as westernized diet and decreased physical activity. On the other hand, mounting evidence suggests that environmental pollutants such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates are also related to the increases in CVD. POPs are a family of lipophilic stable chemicals that accumulate in adipose tissue and create a persistent toxic effect. The association between POPs and CVD is reported through epidemiologic, animal and in vitro studies. The association between BPA and CVD has also been established from many epidemiologic studies; however, a causal relationship remains uncertain. Exposure to POPs or BPA is also associated with the development of well-known CV risk factors such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and obesity. Therefore, it is uncertain whether POPs and BPA are involved directly to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis or indirectly associated with CVD. Additional longitudinal and experimental studies searching for the direct causal relationship and exact linking mechanisms should be conducted to investigate the effect of exposure to environmental pollutants such as POPs and BPA.
Figures and Tables
Fig. 1
Effects of PCB-77 on total serum cholesterol and VLDL cholesterol concentrations, lipid deposition within the liver and abdominal cavity, and atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice.24 (A) Total serum cholesterol concentrations (n=10 mice per group). Total serum cholesterol concentrations were markedly increased in ApoE-/- mice injected with PCB-77 compared with vehicle, (B) Lipoprotein cholesterol distributions (n=4 mice per group). Elevations in serum cholesterol concentrations in PCB-77-treated mice were predominantly in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, (C) Representative tissue sections from livers of mice injected with vehicle or PCB-77. Compared with vehicle-treated mice, tissue sections of liver from mice administered PCB-77 exhibited lipid-laden vacuoles, (D) Administration of PCB-77 resulted in marked deposition of lipid within the abdominal cavity, (E) Aortic root sections stained with oil red O from vehicle or PCB-77-injected mice. Administration of PCB-77 to ApoE-/- mice increased atherosclerosis in aortic root sections. *Significantly different from vehicle (p<0.05).
Fig. 2
Atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta and aortic sinus of ApoE-/- mice. (A) Representative photographs of aortas stained with Oil red O. Magnification ×40, (B) Representative photographs of aortic sinuses stained with Oil red O. Scale bars represent 1 mm, (C) Representative photographs of aortic sinuses stained with an anti-F4/80 antibody. Scale bars represent 1 mm.
Table 1
Number of cases/total number and adjusted OR (95% CI) for prevalence of cardiovascular diseases by quartiles of PCDDs, PCDFs, dioxin-like PCBs, nondioxin-like PCBs, and OC pesticides in females.7
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