Physical and biochemical characteristics of allergens

Kyoung Yong Jeong

doi:10.4168/aard.2016.4.3.157

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Jeong: Physical and biochemical characteristics of allergens

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Allergy, Asthma & Respiratory Disease 2016; 4(3): 157-166.

Published online: 31 May 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4168/aard.2016.4.3.157

Physical and biochemical characteristics of allergens

Kyoung Yong Jeong

Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Correspondence to: Kyoung Yong Jeong. Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea. Tel: +82-2-2228-0808, Fax: +82-2-362-8647, jeongky@yuhs.ac

Received 28 January 2016 Revised 26 February 2016 Accepted 22 March 2016

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

Abstract

What makes a certain molecule to elicit allergic responses? It has been a long-running question in allergology and immunology. Molecular properties of allergens have been characterized for last 30 years. However, it has become evident that allergen alone cannot induce allergic reactions. The way of introduction to the immune system and adjuvant-like activity of concomitantly administered molecules are thought to be important. Physical properties which facilitate delivery may characterize inhalant allergens. Buoyant and sticky antigens with small molecular weight (10–50 kDa) may be carried by particles and remain airborne. Most allergens could be grouped into allergen families according to biochemical properties. Protease, lipid-binding/transfer protein, actin-binding protein, Ca-binding protein, α-amylase/trypsin inhibitor, and pectate lyase account for a significant number of allergens. Biochemical properties which enhance the activation of Th2-immune responses could be another characteristic of allergens. The protease activity of allergens can help break the skin barrier or mucus membrane and its penetration into the body. The capacity of allergen to carry immunologically active substances could increase the allergenicity. Lipid-binding ability is believed to play a role in this aspect. Danger signals, such as endotoxin, β-glucan, and chitin derived from the pathogens, commensals and from the environment can enhance the immune response to allergens. The known characteristics of food allergens are resistance to heat, acid, and digestive enzymes. However, food processing makes it more complex. Understanding the intrinsic properties of allergens may shed light on the mechanisms on the pathogenesis of allergic disorders and improve the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Keywords: Allergens, Allergy, House dust mite, Particulate matter, Pollen

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Size of allergens and allergenic particles

Allergenic particle	Size	Sensitization route
Pollen grains		Respiration
Tree pollen	20-60 µm in diameter
Grass pollen	20-25 µm in diameter
Fungal spores	3-30 µm in diameter	Respiration
Mite feces	1-10 µm in diameter	Respiration
Animal dander	Larger than 5 µm in diameter	Respiration
Ingested allergens	10-70 kDa	Ingestion
Drugs	< 1 kDa (hapten)	Injection (parenteral)
Hymenoptera venoms	8-200 kDa	Injection (percutaneous)

Table 2

Allergens on airborne particles

Allergens	Particle size	Proportion
Bet v 1	Larger than 7.5 µm	0.07-0.28 ng/m³
Bet v 1	Smaller than 7.5 µm	0.12-1.2 ng/m³ (20-200 pollen)
Can f 1	Larger than 9 µm	40%-49%
Can f 1	Smaller than 4.7 µm	20%
Fel d 1	Larger than 9 µm	49%
Fel d 1	Smaller than 4.7 µm	23%
Der p 2	Larger than 4.7 µm	79.4%
Der p 2	1.1-4.7 µm	20.6%

Table 3

Biochemical functions of protein allergens

Protein family	Biochemical name	Physiological role	Typical allergen	Molecular mass (kDa)
Protease	Cysteine protease	Digestive enzyme	Der p 1	24
Lipid binding protein	Pathogenesis-related protein 10	Unknown	Bet v 1	17
	Niemann-pick disease type C2 protein	Unknown	Der p 2	15
	Uteroglobin	Unknown	Fel d 1	14
	Nonspecific lipid transfer protein	Unknown	Pru p 3	10
	2S albumin	Storage protein	Sin a 1	14
Actin binding protein	Tropomyosin	Muscle contraction	Pen a 1	36
Actin binding protein	Profilin	Regulation of cytoskeleton	Phl p 12	14
Ca-binding protein	Polcalcin	Unknown	Che a 3	10
Ca-binding protein	Parvalbumin	Unknown	Gad c 1	12
α-Amylase/trypsin inhibitors	Digestive enzyme inhibitors	Resistance to pest	Ory s 1	35
Pectate lyase	Maceration and soft rotting of plant tissue		Amb a 1	38

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