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Junsung Park1, Eun Lee1, Song-I Yang2, Jisun Yoon1, Hyun-Ju Cho1, Soo-Jong Hong1, Jinho Yu1
Abstract
Purpose
Children with asthma frequently have allergic rhinitis (AR) as a comorbidity. Asthmatic children with AR have a higher exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) level and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) than those without. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difference in lung function, eNO, and BHR between atopic asthma with and without AR, and the association of eNO and BHR with atopic intensity in total asthmatics.
Methods
We recruited 69 atopic asthmatic children with AR, 19 atopic asthmatic children without AR, 38 children with AR, and 43 nonatopic controls. We measured forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced expiratory flow at 25% to 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF25%-75%), dose response slope (DRS) of bronchial challenge with methacholine and adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), the levels of eNO, and the ratio of sum of allergen wheal diameter to histamine using skin prick tests.
Results
Atopic asthmatic children with AR had a higher eNO level compared to those without AR (P<0.05). However, there was no difference in FEV1 %predicted, FEF25%-75% %predicted, methacholine DRS, and AMP DRS between asthmatic children with and without AR. In total asthmatics, methacholine DRS and AMP DRS significantly correlated with eNO levels (r=0.338, P<0.001; r=0.365, P<0.001), but not with total IgE levels. However, eNO significantly correlated with total IgE levels (r=0.479, P<0.001).
Figures and Tables
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of study participants
Values are presented as number (%), mean±standard deviation (SD), or geometric mean (range of 1SD).
NAC, nonatopic control; AR, allergic rhinitis; SOW/H, sum of wheal size in each allergen/histamine wheal size.
*P-values were adjusted for weight and for multiple comparisons by Bonferroni. †P<0.01, compared to AR group. ‡P<0.05, compared to AR group. §P<0.001, compared to AR group. ∥P<0.05, compared to NAC group. ¶P<0.001, compared to NAC group. **P<0.05, compared to atopic asthma without AR group.
Table 2
Lung function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and exhaled nitric oxide among the study groups
Values are presented as number (%), mean±standard deviation (SD), or geometric mean (range of 1SD).
NAC, nonatopic control; AR, allergic rhinitis; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, functional vital capacity; FEF25%-75%, forced expiratory flow during 25%-75%; DRS, dose-response slope; AMP, adenosine 5'-monophosphate; eNO, exhaled nitric oxide.
*P-values were adjusted for weight and for multiple comparisons by Bonferroni. †P<0.05, compared to AR group. ‡P<0.01, compared to NAC group. §P<0.001, compared to AR group. ∥P<0.05, compared to NAC group. ¶P<0.001, compared to NAC group. **P<0.05, compared to atopic asthma without AR group.
Table 3
Correlation between lung function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and exhaled nitric oxide in subjects with atopic asthma
Data are correlation coefficient (Pearson r) with controls for weight.
FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, functional vital capacity; FEF25%-75%, forced expiratory flow during 25%-75%; DRS, dose-response slope; AMP, adenosine 5'-monophosphate; eNO, exhaled nitric oxide; SOW/H, sum of wheal size in each allergen/histamine wheal size.
*P<0.05. **P<0.01. ***P<0.001.
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