Journal List > Korean J Neurotrauma > v.8(2) > 1058882

Risk Factors for the Post-Traumatic Hydrocephalus Following Decompressive Craniectomy in Severe Traumatic Injury Patients

Abstract

Objective:

The goal of this study was to assess the incidence and risk factors for post-traumatic hydrocephalus (PTH) following decompressive craniectomy (DC). An additional objective was to investigate the relationship between hydrocephalus and subdural hygroma (SDG) after DC.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective study of 94 patients who were admitted to our department between 2007 and 2010 with severe head injury requiring DC. Post-traumatic hydrocephalus was defined as: frontal horn index (FHI) ≥0.4 or modified FHI ≥0.33 accompanying transependymal edema; the presence of either clinical worsening or failure to make neurological improvement over time; and clinical improvement after ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Post-traumatic SDG was defined as the presence of low density at computerized tomography (CT) of more than 5mm thickness.

Results:

Among the 94 patients, we could follow up more than 3 months and obtain more than 4 serial CT scans in 41 patients. PTH developed in 29.3% (12/41) and SDG developed in 48.8% (20/41) of these patients. The development of PTH was significantly associated with delayed craniplasty after DC and with interhemispheric SDG. No relationship was found between PTH and age, sex, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, intraventricular hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, midline shift, basal cistern effacement, or cortical opening during DC.

Conclusion:

Hydrocephalus occurred in 29.3% of the patients with severe traumatic brain injury who required DC. Delayed cranioplasty and interhemispheric SDG after DC were risk factors for the development of PTH.

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FIGURE 1.
Computerized tomography (CT) findings of a patient with severe traumatic injury. A: Initial CT showing multiple contusion and midline shift; the patient's initial Glasgow Coma Scale score was 9. B: CT was performed at 6 days after decompressive craniectomy. C: CT at 28 days after decompressive craniectomy showing interhemispheric subdural hygroma. D: Patient needed ventriculoperitoneal shunt due to hydrocephalus.
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Table 1.
Summary of the characteristics in 41 patients with or without hydrocephalus following decompressive craniectomy for severe traumatic head injury
Variable No. of patients (%) p value
Total W/ Hydrocephalus W/O Hydrocephalus
No. of patients 41 12 (29.3) 29 (70.7)  
Clinical finding        
Age in years   049.9±19.7 53.2±17.2 0.600
Male/Female   9/3 22/7 1.000
GCS   007.9±2.50 09.0±3.50 0.336
Operative finding        
Cortical opening 24 (58.5) 9 (37.5) 15 (62.5) 0.296
Interval between craniectomy &   123.2±80.4 68.8±51.1 0.017
cranioplasty (days) Craniectomy       0.971
Unilateral 34 (82.9) 10 (29.4) 24 (70.6)  
Bilateral 4 (9.8) 01 (25.0) 03 (75.0)  
Bifrontal 3 (7.3) 01 (33.3) 02 (66.7)  
CT finding        
W/SAH (>5 mm) 4 (9.8) 03 (75.0) 01 (25.0) 0.068
W/IVH 05 (12.2) 03 (60.0) 02 (40.0) 0.139
Basal cistern effacement 13 (31.7) 04 (30.8) 09 (69.2) 1.000
Midline shift (>5 mm) 28 (68.3) 07 (25.0) 21 (75.0) 0.469
Subdural hygroma 20 (48.8) 06 (30.0) 14 (70.0)  
Ipsilateral 14 (34.1) 02 (14.3) 12 (85.7) 0.146
Bilateral 05 (12.2) 03 (60.0) 02 (40.0) 0.091
Interhemispheric 4 (9.8) 03 (75.0) 01 (25.0) 0.028

GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale, W: with, CT: computerized tomography, SAH: subarachnoid hemorrhage, IVH: intraventricular hemorrhage, W/O: without

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