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Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to analyze health status of women working in traditional marketplace and their needs for public healthcare services.
Results
street vendors’ health status were much poorer than store merchants’. Furthermore, psychosocial factors like job stress and depression were increased in street venders. Thus, the public healthcare programs required by them included exercise programs (28.2%) and health checkup (26.8%). In addition, 31.2% of the participants reported that they needed visiting nursing care services. The rate of occupational health and safety or employment insurances was as low as 10.8%.
Conclusion
Effective interventions including psychosocial factors for women workers at traditional marketplaces need to be developed based on these results. Also, it is recommended that public health care services such as outreach services and visiting nursing care services for women working at traditional marketplaces be provided. Furthermore, institutional provisions such as insurances for protecting these vulnerable groups’ health are needed.
References
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Table 1.
General Characteristics and Job-related Factors
| Characteristics | Categories | n (%) or M±SD |
Shop merchants (n=325) |
Street venders (n=175) |
x2 or t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | |||||
| Age (year) | ＜50 | 71 (14.2) | 45 (13.8) | 26 (14.9) | 0.41 | .937 |
| 50~59 | 179 (35.8) | 115 (35.4) | 64 (36.6) | |||
| 60~69 | 172 (34.4) | 115 (35.4) | 27 (32.6) | |||
| ≥70 | 78 (15.6) | 50 (15.4) | 28 (5.6) | |||
| 59.28±9.91 | 53.47±9.22 | 58.95±10.93 | 0.48 | .626 | ||
| Educational level | ≤Elementary school | 136 (27.2) | 77 (23.7) | 59 (33.7) | 8.42† | .038 |
| Middle school | 156 (31.2) | 105 (32.3) | 51 (29.1) | |||
| High school | 188 (37.6) | 126 (38.8) | 62 (35.4) | |||
| ≥College | 20 (4.0) | 17 (5.2) | 3 (1.7) | |||
| Marital status | Married | 409 (81.8) | 274 (84.3) | 135 (77.1) | 9.37† | .009 |
| Unmarried | 6 (1.2) | 6 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Divorced/separated | 85 (17.0) | 45 (13.8) | 40 (22.9) | |||
| Job position | Employer | 435 (87.0) | 296 (91.1) | 139 (79.4) | ＜.001 | |
| Employee | 65 (13.0) | 29 (8.9) | 36 (20.6) | |||
| Job tenure (year) | ＜10 | 98 (19.6) | 45 (13.8) | 53 (30.3) | 27.37 | ＜.001 |
| 10~19 | 130 (26.0) | 78 (24.0) | 52 (29.7) | |||
| ≥20 | 272 (54.4) | 202 (62.2) | 70 (40.0) | |||
| 19.32±11.93 | 21.03±12.01 | 16.11±10.93 | 4.52 | ＜.001 | ||
| Working hour (day) | ＜8 | 35 (7.0) | 20 (6.2) | 15 (8.6) | 1.02 | .203 |
| ≥8 | 465 (93.0) | 305 (93.8) | 160 (91.4) | |||
| 11.02±2.42 | 11.11±2.32 | 10.85±2.41 | 1.32 | .186 | ||
| Number of customer (hour) | ＜5 | 201 (40.2) | 141 (43.4) | 60 (34.3) | 4.17 | .124 |
| 5~10 | 164 (32.8) | 103 (31.7) | 61 (34.9) | |||
| ≥10 | 135 (27.0) | 81 (24.9) | 54 (30.9) | |||
| 13.84±20.81 | 14.13±22.41 | 13.49±17.83 | 0.27 | .785 | ||
| Number of absence day (year) | ＜5 | 477 (95.4) | 312 (96.0) | 165 (94.3) | 1.23† | .540 |
| 5~10 | 11 (2.2) | 7 (2.2) | 4 (2.3) | |||
| ≥10 | 12 (2.4) | 6 (1.8) | 6 (3.4) | |||
| 3.92±45.44 | 1.81±7.34 | 7.96±76.15 | -1.42 | .294 | ||
| Experience of safety accident | No | 413 (82.6) | 256 (78.8) | 157 (89.7) | 9.48 | .001 |
| Yes | 87 (17.4) | 69 (21.2) | 18 (10.3) | |||
| Toilet accessibility | No | 60 (12.0) | 38 (11.7) | 22 (12.6) | 0.08 | .438 |
| Yes | 440 (88.0) | 287 (88.3) | 153 (87.4) | |||
| Healthy working environment | No | 354 (70.8) | 212 (65.2) | 142 (81.1) | 13.93 | ＜.001 |
| Yes | 146 (29.2) | 113 (34.8) | 33 (18.9) | |||
| Insurance | No | 446 (89.2) | 283 (87.1) | 163 (93.1) | 4.34 | .024 |
| Yes | 54 (10.8) | 42 (12.9) | 12 (6.9) |
Table 2.
Health Status and Status of Health Care Utilization
| Variables | Categories | n (%) or M±SD |
Shop merchants |
Street venders |
x2 or t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | |||||
| Body Mass Index | Underweight | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 2.18† | .534 |
| Normal | 214 (42.8) | 139 (42.8) | 75 (42.9) | |||
| Overweight | 139 (27.8) | 93 (28.6) | 46 (26.3) | |||
| Obese | 146 (29.2) | 93 (28.6) | 53 (30.3) | |||
| 23.61±2.82 | 23.52±2.65 | 23.73±3.18 | -0.58 | .560 | ||
| Physical activity | Inactive | 89 (17.8) | 53 (16.3) | 36 (20.6) | 5.96 | .051 |
| Minimally active | 324 (64.8) | 206 (63.4) | 118 (67.4) | |||
| HEPA active | 87 (17.4) | 66 (20.3) | 21 (12.0) | |||
| Depression | Probable depression (≥16) | 264 (52.8) | 156 (48.0) | 108 (61.7) | 8.58 | .002 |
| Suspicious depression (≥21) | 155 (31.0) | 70 (21.5) | 85 (48.6) | 38.86 | ＜.001 | |
| Definite depression (≥25) | 105 (21.0) | 39 (12.0) | 66 (37.7) | 45.33 | ＜.001 | |
| 17.34±8.13 | 15.93±7.24 | 20.57±9.15 | -5.65 | ＜.001 | ||
| Nutritive condition | Good nutrition condition | 137 (27.4) | 100 (30.8) | 37 (21.1) | 9.95 | .007 |
| Moderate nutrition risk | 149 (29.8) | 102 (31.4) | 47 (26.9) | |||
| High nutritive risk | 214 (42.8) | 123 (37.8) | 91 (52.0) | |||
| 5.54±4.25 | 5.03±3.81 | 6.71±4.72 | ＜.001 | |||
| Job stress (ERI>1) | No | 197 (39.4) | 125 (38.5) | 72 (41.1) | 0.34 | .312 |
| Yes | 303 (60.6) | 200 (61.5) | 103 (58.9) | |||
| Working posture | Normal posture | 141 (28.2) | 91 (28.0) | 50 (28.6) | 0.97† | .807 |
| Slightly harmful | 313 (62.6) | 202 (62.2) | 111 (63.4) | |||
| Distinctly harmful | 36 (7.2) | 26 (8.0) | 10 (5.7) | |||
| Extremely harmful | 10 (2.0) | 6 (1.8) | 4 (2.3) | |||
| Back pain | 3.51±2.41 | 3.56±2.40 | 3.67±2.41 | -0.31 | .753 | |
| Work related musculoskeletal pain | No | 131 (26.4) | 90 (27.9) | 41 (23.6) | .130 | |
| Yes | 366 (73.6) | 233 (72.1) | 133 (76.4) | |||
| Perceived general health status | Good | 215 (43.0) | 128 (39.4) | 87 (49.7) | 5.97 | .050 |
| Moderate | 203 (40.6) | 144 (44.3) | 59 (33.7) | |||
| Poor | 82 (16.4) | 53 (16.3) | 29 (16.6) | |||
| Regular medical checkup | No | 115 (23.0) | 76 (23.4) | 39 (22.3) | 0.07 | .436 |
| Yes | 385 (77.0) | 249 (76.6) | 136 (77.7) | |||
| Accessibility of visiting health care institution | No | 347 (69.4) | 229 (70.5) | 118 (67.4) | 2.23 | .327 |
| Yes | 152 (30.4) | 96 (29.5) | 56 (32.0) | |||
| Reasons for lack of accessibility to health care institution | High cost | 29 (19.0) | 19 (19.8) | 10 (17.9) | 4.45† | .814 |
| Difficult to hospital reservation | 13 (8.6) | 8 (8.3) | 5 (8.9) | |||
| Difficult to meet the time | 70 (46.0) | 44 (45.8) | 26 (46.4) | |||
| Too long waiting time | 14 (9.2) | 8 (8.3) | 6 (10.7) | |||
| Others | 26 (17.2) | 17 (17.8) | 9 (16.1) |
Table 3.
Needs for Public Health Service
| Variables | Categories | n (%) |
Shop merchants |
Street venders |
x2 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | |||||
| Intention of public health care utilization | No | 95 (19.0) | 57 (17.5) | 38 (21.7) | 1.57 | .455 |
| Yes | 368 (73.6) | 245 (75.4) | 123 (70.3) | |||
| Not available | 37 (7.4) | 23 (7.1) | 14 (2.8) | |||
| Needs for public health care service | Exercise | 141 (28.2) | 102 (31.4) | 39 (27.7) | 17.61† | .062 |
| Stress management | 46 (9.2) | 28 (8.6) | 18 (10.3) | |||
| Drinking reduction campaign | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Anti-smoking campaign | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Nutritional education | 33 (6.6) | 26 (8.0) | 7 (4.0) | |||
| Dental care | 21 (4.2) | 11 (3.4) | 10 (5.7) | |||
| Medical checkup | 134 (26.8) | 83 (25.5) | 51 (29.1) | |||
| Chronic diseases management | 68 (13.6) | 35 (10.8) | 33 (18.9) | |||
| Safety education | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.6) | |||
| Work-realted musculoskeletal-DM | 45 (9.0) | 32 (9.8) | 13 (7.4) | |||
| Not available | 9 (1.8) | 6 (1.8) | 3 (1.7) | |||
| Reasons for unintended public health care utilization | Healthy | 10 (10.5) | 6 (10.5) | 4 (10.5) | 15.70† | .028 |
| Not helpful | 7 (7.4) | 4 (7.0) | 3 (7.9) | |||
| Shortage of time | 34 (35.8) | 21 (36.8) | 13 (34.2) | |||
| Not interested | 17 (17.9) | 5 (8.8) | 12 (31.6) | |||
| Low health care service quality | 14 (14.8) | 11 (19.3) | 3 (7.9) | |||
| Not usually used hospitals | 12 (12.6) | 10 (17.5) | 2 (5.3) | |||
| Needs for visiting nursing care service | No | 156 (31.2) | 99 (30.5) | 57 (32.6) | 6.55 | .038 |
| Yes | 279 (55.8) | 192 (59.1) | 87 (49.7) | |||
| Not available | 65 (13.0) | 34 (10.5) | 31 (17.7) | |||
| Need for public health care facilities | Rest facilities | 106 (21.2) | 74 (22.8) | 32 (18.3) | 10.64† | .223 |
| Restroom | 148 (29.6) | 100 (30.8) | 48 (27.4) | |||
| Health counseling room | 198 (39.6) | 117 (36.0) | 81 (46.3) | |||
| Society | 17 (3.4) | 13 (4.0) | 4 (2.3) | |||
| Sports facilities | 8 (1.6) | 6 (1.8) | 2 (1.1) | |||
| Sauna | 5 (1.0) | 2 (0.6) | 3 (1.7) | |||
| Physical Therapy | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | |||
| Swimming pool | 2 (0.4) | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Not available | 15 (3.0) | 11 (3.4) | 4 (2.3) |
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