Journal List > J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs > v.28(4) > 1058480

Chun and Lee: The Relationships among Social Discrimination, Subjective Health, and Personal Satisfaction of Immigrants

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to examine the relationships among social discrimination, subjective health, and personal satisfaction based on the country of origin.

Methods

The analysis was based on 16,958 immigrants who participated in the National Survey of Multicultural Family 2015 in Korea. This study conducted stratified cross-analysis of social discrimination for the differences in subjective health and personal satisfaction. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the relationships among social discrimination, subjective health, and personal satisfaction were examined with multivariable logistic regression.

Results

There were differences in experience of social discrimination, subjective health status, and personal satisfaction according to the country of origin. Groups without the experience of social discrimination had better subjective health and personal satisfaction than the other groups.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that a discrimination prevention program needs to be developed based on a cultural approach

References

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Table 1.
The General Characteristics of Participants for Social Discrimination Experience, Subjective Health and Personal Satisfaction (N=16,958)
Variables Categories Total Discrimination Subjective health Personal satisfaction§
n (%) n (%) x2 (p) n (%) x2 (p) n (%) x2 (p)
Total 16,958 (100.0) 10,200 (100.0) 10,931 (100.0) 9,619 (100.0)
Gender 2,561 (15.1) 1,451 (56.7) 15.34 1,702 (66.5) 263.79 1,498 (58.5) 305.29
14,397 (84.9) 8,749 (60.8) (<.001) 9,229 (64.1) (<.001) 8,121 (56.4) (<.001)
Age (year) 10~19 92 (0.5) 69 (75.0) 5.26 71 (77.2) 237.27 63 (68.5) 12.74
20~29 4,584 (27.0) 2,787 (60.8) (.022) 3,506 (76.5) (<.001) 2,934 (64.0) (.026)
30~39 5,816 (34.3) 3,408 (58.6) 4,157 (71.5) 3,493 (60.1)
40~49 3,989 (23.5) 2,262 (56.7) 2,205 (55.3) 2,013 (50.5)
50~59 1,701 (10.0) 1,058 (62.2) 786 (46.2) 780 (45.9)
60~69 776 (4.6) 616 (79.4) 206 (26.5) 336 (43.3)
Education No 196 (1.2) 121 (61.7) 3.85 95 (48.5) 35.15 89 (45.4) 647.49
Elementary school 1,168 (6.9) 746 (63.9) (.050) 621 (53.2) (<.001) 559 (47.9) (<.001)
Middle school 3,067 (18.1) 1,870 (61.0) 1,848 (60.3) 1,597 (52.1)
High school 6,871 (40.5) 4,170 (60.7) 4,293 (62.5) 3,719 (54.1)
≥College 5,656 (33.4) 3,293 (58.2) 4,074 (72.0) 3,655 (64.6)
Marital status Single 237 (1.4) 155 (65.4) 157.57 188 (79.3) 367.83 116 (48.9) 849.82
Married 15,415 (90.9) 9,309 (60.4) (<.001) 10,204 (66.2) (<.001) 9,125 (59.2) (<.001)
Others|| 1,306 (7.7) 736 (56.4) 539 (41.3) 378 (28.9)
Residence period (year) ≤1 418 (2.5) 318 (77.6) 1,301.77 319 (77.8) 302 (73.7) 76.47
2~5 3,786 (22.3) 2,394 (63.2) (<.001) 2,844 (75.1) 455.42 2,526 (66.7) (<.001)
6~10 6,122 (36.1) 3,457 (56.5) 4,091 (66.8) (<.001) 3,452 (56.4)
≥11 6,632 (39.1) 4,031 (60.8) 3,677 (55.4) 3,339 (50.3)
Income (10,000 won/ month) ≤100 1,357 (8.0) 864 (63.7) 333.03 509 (37.5) 94.96 474 (34.9) 583.61
100~200 3,885 (22.9) 2,355 (60.6) (<.001) 2,303 (59.3) (<.001) 1,755 (45.2) (<.001)
200~300 5,238 (30.9) 3,156 (60.3) 3,505 (66.9) 3,010 (57.5)
300~400 3,507 (20.7) 2,068 (59.0) 2,422 (69.1) 2,231 (63.6)
400~500 1,630 (9.6) 945 (58.0) 1,156 (70.9) 1,132 (69.4)
≥500 1,341 (7.9) 812 (60.6) 1,036 (77.3) 1,017 (75.8)
Country of origin China 3,793 (22.4) 2,292 (60.5) 17.42 2,311 (61.0) 463.70    2,032 (53.6) 397.17
Korean-Chinese 2,678 (15.8) 1,577 (58.9) (.002) 1,363 (50.9) (<.001) 1,205 (45.0) (<.001)
Japan 1,485 (8.8) 973 (65.5) 791 (53.3)   790 (53.2)  
Taiwan, Hongkong 550 (3.2) 374 (68.0) 382 (69.5) 344 (62.5)
Vietnam 2,736 (16.1) 1,628 (59.6) 1,915 (70.1) 1,628 (59.6)
Philippines 1,446 (8.5) 867 (60.0) 1,097 (75.9) 904 (62.5)
The Rese of Southeast Asia 1,569 (9.3) 945 (60.3) 1,107 (70.6) 907 (57.8)
South Asia 510 (3.0) 236 (46.3) 366 (71.8) 306 (60.0)
Mongolia, Russia, Central Asia 1,240 (7.3) 751 (60.6) 839 (67.7) 762 (61.5)
America, Europe, Oceania 951 (5.6) 557 (58.6) 760 (79.9) 741 (77.9)

No discrimination;

Good subjective health;

§ Good personal satisfaction;

|| Including divorced, separated and widows.

Table 2.
Differences in Subjective Health and Personal Satisfaction according to Social Discrimination Experience by Country of Origin (N=16,958)
Country of origin n (%) Discrimination No discrimination 
Subjective health Personal satisfaction Subjective health Personal satisfaction
Good Poor χ² (p) Good Poor χ² (p) Good Poor χ² (p) Good Poor χ² (p)
Total n 3,997 2,761 269.35 3,416 3,342 160.78 6,934 3,266 334.25 6,203 3,997 256.90
(%) (59.1) (40.9) (<.001) (50.5) (49.5) (<.001) (68.0) (32.0) (<.001) (60.8) (39.2) (<.001)
China n 809 692 713 788 1,502 790 1,319 973
(%) (53.9) (46.1) (47.5) (52.5) (65.5) (34.5) (57.5) (42.5)
Korean-Chinese n 491 610 435 666 872 705 770 870
(%) (44.6) (55.4) (39.5) (60.5) (55.3) (44.7) (48.8) (55.2)
Japan n 242 270 244 268 549 424 546 427
(%) (47.3) (52.7) (47.7) (52.3) (56.4) (43.6) (56.1) (43.9)
Taiwan, Hongkong n 111 65 104 72 271 103 240 134
(%) (63.1) (36.9) (59.1) (40.9) (72.5) (27.5) (64.2) (35.8)
Vietnam n 710 398 566 542 1,205 423 1,062 566
(%) (64.1) (35.9) (51.1) (48.9) (74.0) (26.0) (65.2) (34.8)
Philippines n 419 160 341 238 678 189 563 304
(%) (72.4) (27.6) (58.9) (41.1) (78.2) (21.8) (64.9) (35.1)
The Rese of Southeast Asia n 420 204 312 312 687 258 595 350
(%) (67.3) (32.7) (50.0) (50.0) (72.7) (27.3) (63.0) (37.0)
South Asia n 187 87 142 132 179 57 164 72
(%) (68.2) (31.8) (51.8) (48.2) (75.8) (24.2) (69.5) (30.5)
Mongolia, Russia, Central Asia n 313 176 276 213 526 225 486 265
(%) (64.0) (36.0) (56.4) (43.6) (70.0) (30.0) (64.7) (35.3)
America, Europe, Oceania n 295 99   283 111   465 92   458 99  
(%) (74.9) (25.1)   (71.8) (28.2)   (83.5) (16.5)   (82.2) (17.8)

Differences in discrimination by country of origin (χ²=76.47, p<.001).

Table 3.
Relationship1) among Social Discrimination, Subjective Health and Personal Satisfaction by Country of Origin
Variables Model I (N=16,958) Model II (N=10,200)
Subjective health§ Personal satisfaction|| Subjective health§ Personal satisfaction||
OR2) 95% CI OR3) 95% CI OR4) 95% CI OR5) 95% % CI
China 1.37 1.12 1.69 1.83 1.51 2.22 1.46 1.10 1.94 1.86 1.42 2.42
Korean-Chinese 1.64 1.33 2.02 2.13 1.75 2.60 1.77 1.33 2.36 2.21 1.69 2.90
Japan 1.90 1.53 2.36 2.09 1.70 2.57 2.29 1.70 3.07 2.31 1.75 3.05
Taiwan, Hongkong 1.09 0.84 1.42 1.44 1.13 1.84 1.20 0.84 1.70 1.71 1.24 2.35
Vietnam 1.53 1.22 1.91 1.85 1.50 2.28 1.85 1.35 2.53 1.71 1.28 2.28
Philippines 0.95 0.75 1.19 1.50 1.21 1.86 1.21 0.88 1.66 1.68 1.26 2.24
The Rest of Southeast Asia 1.33 1.06 1.67 1.93 1.55 2.39 1.82 1.32 2.50 1.92 1.43 2.58
South Asia 1.19 0.91 1.55 1.42 1.11 1.82 1.47 0.99 2.19 1.25 0.87 1.82
Mongolia, Russia, Central Asia 1.30 1.04 1.63 1.58 1.28 1.96 1.53 1.12 2.10 1.68 1.26 2.25
America, Europe, Oceania Ref     Ref     Ref     Ref    

Total group;

No discrimination group;

§ Good subjective health;

|| Good personal satisfaction.

1) Obtained from multivariable logistic regression model including variables in Table 1;

2) p-value=0.059 by Hosmer and Lemeshow Goodness-of-fit-test;

3) p-value=0.364 by Hosmer and Lemeshow Goodness-of-fit-test;

4) p-value=0.271 by Hosmer and Lemeshow Goodness-of-fit-test;

5) p-value=0.463 by Hosmer and Lemeshow Goodness-of-fit-test.

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