The Relationships among Social Discrimination, Subjective Health, and Personal Satisfaction of Immigrants

Jiyoung Chun; Insook Lee

doi:10.12799/jkachn.2017.28.4.375

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Chun and Lee: The Relationships among Social Discrimination, Subjective Health, and Personal Satisfaction of Immigrants

Original Article

J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs 2017;28(4):375-385.

Published online: 12 December 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2017.28.4.375

The Relationships among Social Discrimination, Subjective Health, and Personal Satisfaction of Immigrants

Jiyoung Chun¹, Insook Lee²

¹Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

²College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Lee, Insook College of Nursing, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea. Tel: +82-2-740-8828, Fax: +82-2-765-4103, E-mail: lisook@snu.ac.kr

Received 13 July 2017 Revised 1 October 2017 Accepted 2 October 2017

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to examine the relationships among social discrimination, subjective health, and personal satisfaction based on the country of origin.

Methods

The analysis was based on 16,958 immigrants who participated in the National Survey of Multicultural Family 2015 in Korea. This study conducted stratified cross-analysis of social discrimination for the differences in subjective health and personal satisfaction. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the relationships among social discrimination, subjective health, and personal satisfaction were examined with multivariable logistic regression.

Results

There were differences in experience of social discrimination, subjective health status, and personal satisfaction according to the country of origin. Groups without the experience of social discrimination had better subjective health and personal satisfaction than the other groups.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that a discrimination prevention program needs to be developed based on a cultural approach

Keywords: Immigrants, Discrimination, Subjective health, Personal satisfaction

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Table 1.

The General Characteristics of Participants for Social Discrimination Experience, Subjective Health and Personal Satisfaction (N=16,958)

Variables	Categories	Total	Discrimination^†		Subjective health^‡		Personal satisfaction^§
Variables	Categories	n (%)	n (%)	x² (p)	n (%)	x² (p)	n (%)	x² (p)
Total		16,958 (100.0)	10,200 (100.0)		10,931 (100.0)		9,619 (100.0)
Gender		2,561 (15.1)	1,451 (56.7)	15.34	1,702 (66.5)	263.79	1,498 (58.5)	305.29
Gender		14,397 (84.9)	8,749 (60.8)	(＜.001)	9,229 (64.1)	(＜.001)	8,121 (56.4)	(＜.001)
Age (year)	10~19	92 (0.5)	69 (75.0)	5.26	71 (77.2)	237.27	63 (68.5)	12.74
	20~29	4,584 (27.0)	2,787 (60.8)	(.022)	3,506 (76.5)	(＜.001)	2,934 (64.0)	(.026)
	30~39	5,816 (34.3)	3,408 (58.6)		4,157 (71.5)		3,493 (60.1)
	40~49	3,989 (23.5)	2,262 (56.7)		2,205 (55.3)		2,013 (50.5)
	50~59	1,701 (10.0)	1,058 (62.2)		786 (46.2)		780 (45.9)
	60~69	776 (4.6)	616 (79.4)		206 (26.5)		336 (43.3)
Education	No	196 (1.2)	121 (61.7)	3.85	95 (48.5)	35.15	89 (45.4)	647.49
	Elementary school	1,168 (6.9)	746 (63.9)	(.050)	621 (53.2)	(＜.001)	559 (47.9)	(＜.001)
	Middle school	3,067 (18.1)	1,870 (61.0)		1,848 (60.3)		1,597 (52.1)
	High school	6,871 (40.5)	4,170 (60.7)		4,293 (62.5)		3,719 (54.1)
	≥College	5,656 (33.4)	3,293 (58.2)		4,074 (72.0)		3,655 (64.6)
Marital status	Single	237 (1.4)	155 (65.4)	157.57	188 (79.3)	367.83	116 (48.9)	849.82
	Married	15,415 (90.9)	9,309 (60.4)	(＜.001)	10,204 (66.2)	(＜.001)	9,125 (59.2)	(＜.001)
	Others^\|\|	1,306 (7.7)	736 (56.4)		539 (41.3)		378 (28.9)
Residence period (year)	≤1	418 (2.5)	318 (77.6)	1,301.77	319 (77.8)		302 (73.7)	76.47
	2~5	3,786 (22.3)	2,394 (63.2)	(＜.001)	2,844 (75.1)	455.42	2,526 (66.7)	(＜.001)
	6~10	6,122 (36.1)	3,457 (56.5)		4,091 (66.8)	(＜.001)	3,452 (56.4)
	≥11	6,632 (39.1)	4,031 (60.8)		3,677 (55.4)		3,339 (50.3)
Income (10,000 won/ month)	≤100	1,357 (8.0)	864 (63.7)	333.03	509 (37.5)	94.96	474 (34.9)	583.61
	100~200	3,885 (22.9)	2,355 (60.6)	(＜.001)	2,303 (59.3)	(＜.001)	1,755 (45.2)	(＜.001)
	200~300	5,238 (30.9)	3,156 (60.3)		3,505 (66.9)		3,010 (57.5)
	300~400	3,507 (20.7)	2,068 (59.0)		2,422 (69.1)		2,231 (63.6)
	400~500	1,630 (9.6)	945 (58.0)		1,156 (70.9)		1,132 (69.4)
	≥500	1,341 (7.9)	812 (60.6)		1,036 (77.3)		1,017 (75.8)
Country of origin	China	3,793 (22.4)	2,292 (60.5)	17.42	2,311 (61.0)	463.70	2,032 (53.6)	397.17
	Korean-Chinese	2,678 (15.8)	1,577 (58.9)	(.002)	1,363 (50.9)	(＜.001)	1,205 (45.0)	(＜.001)
	Japan	1,485 (8.8)	973 (65.5)		791 (53.3)		790 (53.2)
	Taiwan, Hongkong	550 (3.2)	374 (68.0)		382 (69.5)		344 (62.5)
	Vietnam	2,736 (16.1)	1,628 (59.6)		1,915 (70.1)		1,628 (59.6)
	Philippines	1,446 (8.5)	867 (60.0)		1,097 (75.9)		904 (62.5)
	The Rese of Southeast Asia	1,569 (9.3)	945 (60.3)		1,107 (70.6)		907 (57.8)
	South Asia	510 (3.0)	236 (46.3)		366 (71.8)		306 (60.0)
	Mongolia, Russia, Central Asia	1,240 (7.3)	751 (60.6)		839 (67.7)		762 (61.5)
	America, Europe, Oceania	951 (5.6)	557 (58.6)		760 (79.9)		741 (77.9)

^† No discrimination;

^‡ Good subjective health;

^§ Good personal satisfaction;

^|| Including divorced, separated and widows.

Table 2.

Differences in Subjective Health and Personal Satisfaction according to Social Discrimination Experience by Country of Origin (N=16,958)

Country of origin	n (%)	Discrimination						No discrimination
		Subjective health			Personal satisfaction			Subjective health			Personal satisfaction
		Good	Poor	χ² (p)	Good	Poor	χ² (p)	Good	Poor	χ² (p)	Good	Poor	χ² (p)
Total	n	3,997	2,761	269.35	3,416	3,342	160.78	6,934	3,266	334.25	6,203	3,997	256.90
Total	(%)	(59.1)	(40.9)	(＜.001)	(50.5)	(49.5)	(＜.001)	(68.0)	(32.0)	(＜.001)	(60.8)	(39.2)	(＜.001)
China	n	809	692		713	788		1,502	790		1,319	973
China	(%)	(53.9)	(46.1)		(47.5)	(52.5)		(65.5)	(34.5)		(57.5)	(42.5)
Korean-Chinese	n	491	610		435	666		872	705		770	870
Korean-Chinese	(%)	(44.6)	(55.4)		(39.5)	(60.5)		(55.3)	(44.7)		(48.8)	(55.2)
Japan	n	242	270		244	268		549	424		546	427
Japan	(%)	(47.3)	(52.7)		(47.7)	(52.3)		(56.4)	(43.6)		(56.1)	(43.9)
Taiwan, Hongkong	n	111	65		104	72		271	103		240	134
Taiwan, Hongkong	(%)	(63.1)	(36.9)		(59.1)	(40.9)		(72.5)	(27.5)		(64.2)	(35.8)
Vietnam	n	710	398		566	542		1,205	423		1,062	566
Vietnam	(%)	(64.1)	(35.9)		(51.1)	(48.9)		(74.0)	(26.0)		(65.2)	(34.8)
Philippines	n	419	160		341	238		678	189		563	304
Philippines	(%)	(72.4)	(27.6)		(58.9)	(41.1)		(78.2)	(21.8)		(64.9)	(35.1)
The Rese of Southeast Asia	n	420	204		312	312		687	258		595	350
The Rese of Southeast Asia	(%)	(67.3)	(32.7)		(50.0)	(50.0)		(72.7)	(27.3)		(63.0)	(37.0)
South Asia	n	187	87		142	132		179	57		164	72
South Asia	(%)	(68.2)	(31.8)		(51.8)	(48.2)		(75.8)	(24.2)		(69.5)	(30.5)
Mongolia, Russia, Central Asia	n	313	176		276	213		526	225		486	265
Mongolia, Russia, Central Asia	(%)	(64.0)	(36.0)		(56.4)	(43.6)		(70.0)	(30.0)		(64.7)	(35.3)
America, Europe, Oceania	n	295	99		283	111		465	92		458	99
America, Europe, Oceania	(%)	(74.9)	(25.1)		(71.8)	(28.2)		(83.5)	(16.5)		(82.2)	(17.8)

Differences in discrimination by country of origin (χ²=76.47, p＜.001).

Table 3.

Relationship¹⁾ among Social Discrimination, Subjective Health and Personal Satisfaction by Country of Origin

Variables	Model I^† (N=16,958)						Model II^‡ (N=10,200)
	Subjective health^§			Personal satisfaction^\|\|			Subjective health^§			Personal satisfaction^\|\|
	OR²⁾	95%	CI	OR³⁾	95%	CI	OR⁴⁾	95%	CI	OR⁵⁾	95%	% CI
China	1.37	1.12	1.69	1.83	1.51	2.22	1.46	1.10	1.94	1.86	1.42	2.42
Korean-Chinese	1.64	1.33	2.02	2.13	1.75	2.60	1.77	1.33	2.36	2.21	1.69	2.90
Japan	1.90	1.53	2.36	2.09	1.70	2.57	2.29	1.70	3.07	2.31	1.75	3.05
Taiwan, Hongkong	1.09	0.84	1.42	1.44	1.13	1.84	1.20	0.84	1.70	1.71	1.24	2.35
Vietnam	1.53	1.22	1.91	1.85	1.50	2.28	1.85	1.35	2.53	1.71	1.28	2.28
Philippines	0.95	0.75	1.19	1.50	1.21	1.86	1.21	0.88	1.66	1.68	1.26	2.24
The Rest of Southeast Asia	1.33	1.06	1.67	1.93	1.55	2.39	1.82	1.32	2.50	1.92	1.43	2.58
South Asia	1.19	0.91	1.55	1.42	1.11	1.82	1.47	0.99	2.19	1.25	0.87	1.82
Mongolia, Russia, Central Asia	1.30	1.04	1.63	1.58	1.28	1.96	1.53	1.12	2.10	1.68	1.26	2.25
America, Europe, Oceania	Ref			Ref			Ref			Ref

^† Total group;

^‡ No discrimination group;

^§ Good subjective health;

^|| Good personal satisfaction.

¹⁾ Obtained from multivariable logistic regression model including variables in Table 1;

²⁾ p-value=0.059 by Hosmer and Lemeshow Goodness-of-fit-test;

³⁾ p-value=0.364 by Hosmer and Lemeshow Goodness-of-fit-test;

⁴⁾ p-value=0.271 by Hosmer and Lemeshow Goodness-of-fit-test;

⁵⁾ p-value=0.463 by Hosmer and Lemeshow Goodness-of-fit-test.

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