Gender Differences in the Effects of Weight, Weight Perception, and Weight Satisfaction on Depression in Adolescents

Jin Suk Ra; Hye Sun Kim; Jeong Lim Ryu

doi:10.12799/jkachn.2017.28.4.359

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Ra, Kim, and Ryu: Gender Differences in the Effects of Weight, Weight Perception, and Weight Satisfaction on Depression in Adolescents

Original Article

J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs 2017;28(4):359-365.

Published online: 12 December 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2017.28.4.359

Gender Differences in the Effects of Weight, Weight Perception, and Weight Satisfaction on Depression in Adolescents

Jin Suk Ra¹, Hye Sun Kim², Jeong Lim Ryu²

¹College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea

²Graduate School, College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea

Corresponding author: Ryu, Jeong Lim College of Nursing, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwaro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Korea. Tel: +82-42-538-8333, Fax: +82-42-580-8309, E-mail: ryujeong312@hanmail.net

Received 15 May 2017 Revised 22 September 2017 Accepted 23 September 2017

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to investigate gender differences in the association between depressive symptoms and weight, weight perception, and body satisfaction among Korean adolescents.

Methods

A secondary data analysis was performed on data from 33,374 adolescents who participated in the 2015 Adolescent Health Behavior Online Survey. They were classified as underweight, normal weight, or overweight/obese; weight perception was classified into perception of being underweight, normal weight, or overweight/obese; and weight satisfaction into desire to gain weight, satisfied, and desire to lose weight.

Results

Among boys, perception of being underweight (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07~1.35) and desire to gain weight (AOR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.30~1.62) were associated with depression. Among girls, perception of being overweight or obese (AOR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.07~ 1.29) and a desire to lose weight (AOR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.18~1.42) were associated with depression.

Conclusion

Gender differences were observed in the association between weight perception and depression in adolescents. The perception of being underweight among boys and the perception of being overweight/overweight among girls were associated with depression. Thus, gender-specific intervention programs to correct weight perception and weight satisfaction are needed in order to relieve depressive symptoms in adolescents.

Keywords: Depression, Body weight, Weight perception, Ideal body weight, Adolescent

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Table 1.

Characteristics of Participants Regarding Depressive Symptoms, Weight, Weight Perception, Weight Satisfaction, and Covariates related to Depressive Symptoms (N=33,374)

Variable	Categories	Boys (n=17,369)	Girls (n=16,005)
Variable	Categories	n^† (%)^‡	n^† (%)^‡
Grade	1st year	5,432 (29.3)	5,085 (37.4)
	2nd year	5,880 (33.2)	5,264 (33.3)
	3rd year	6,057 (37.5)	5,656 (29.3)
Residence area	Rural areas	1,419 (6.5)	1,338 (6.0)
	Small and medium cities	8,251 (50.3)	7,551 (50.6)
	Metropolitan cities	7,699 (43.1)	7,116 (43.3)
Experience of alcohol consumption	Yes	5,202 (30.2)	3,417 (21.2)
Experience of alcohol consumption	No	12,167 (69.8)	12,588 (78.8)
Experience of smoking	Yes	2,429 (13.9)	819 (5.0)
Experience of smoking	No	14,940 (86.1)	15,186 (95.0)
Academic achievement	Low	5,632 (32.4)	5,087 (31.2)
	Middle	4,527 (25.6)	4,247 (26.5)
	High	7,210 (42.0)	6,671 (42.3)
Economic status of household	Low	1,942 (10.7)	2,051 (12.0)
	Middle	7,515 (42.8)	7,633 (47.0)
	High	7,912 (46.6)	6,321 (41.0)
Perceived health status	Unhealthy	552 (3.3)	705 (4.2)
	Fair	2,779 (15.9)	3,515 (22.0)
	Healthy	14,038 (80.8)	11,785 (73.7)
Perceived happiness	Unhappy	1,005 (6.1)	1,117 (6.9)
	Fair	3,545 (20.8)	4,051 (25.3)
	Happy	12,819 (73.2)	10,837 (67.8)
Stress experience (in a month)	Yes	12,181 (70.7)	12,858 (80.4)
Stress experience (in a month)	No	5,188 (29.3)	3,147 (19.6)
Weight (BMI percentile)	Underweight	1,006 (6.0)	718 (4.6)
	Overweight and obese	2,711 (15.1)	2,316 (13.4)
	Normal weight	13,652 (78.9)	12,971 (82.0)
Weight perception	Underweight	5,862 (34.2)	3,510 (22.1)
	Overweight and obese	5,479 (31.2)	6,150 (37.6)
	Normal weight	6,028 (34.7)	6,345 (40.3)
Weight satisfaction	Desire to lose weight	3,792 (21.9)	6,929 (43.4)
	Desire to gain weight	1,817 (10.4)	367 (2.2)
	Satisfied	11,760 (67.7)	8,709 (54.4)
Depressive symptoms	Yes	2,870 (16.6)	4,082 (25.7)
Depressive symptoms	No	14,499 (83.4)	11,923 (74.3)

BMI=body mass index;

^† Unweighted;

^‡ Weighted.

Table 2.

Association of Body Mass Index, Weight Perception, and Weight Satisfaction with Depressive Symptoms

Variables		Categories	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Variables		Categories	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Boys	Weight (BMI percentile) (Ref. normal weight)	Underweight Overweight and obese	1.12 (0.94~1.33) 0.98 (0.87~1.11)			1.02 (0.85~1.23) 0.96 (0.83~1.11)
	Weight perception (Ref. normal weight)	Underweight Overweight and obese		1.17 (1.06~1.30)* 1.04 (0.92~1.17)		1.20 (1.07~1.35)** 0.95 (0.83~1.09)
	Weight satisfaction (Ref. satisfied)	Desire to lose weight Desire to gain weight			1.33 (1.20~1.48)* 1.27 (1.11~1.45)	1.45 (1.30~1.62)*** 1.15 (0.99~1.34)
Girls	Weight (BMI percentile) (Ref. normal)	Underweight Overweight and obese	1.06 (0.87~1.28) 0.91 (0.81~1.02)			1.19 (0.97~1.47) 0.93 (0.82~1.06)
	Weight perception (Ref. normal weight)	Underweight Overweight and obese		1.16 (1.06~1.26) 1.23 (1.10~1.37)*		1.03 (0.90~1.18) 1.18 (1.07~1.29)**
	Weight satisfaction (Ref. satisfied)	Desire to lose weight Desire to gain weight			1.24 (1.14~1.35)*** 1.35 (1.08~1.71)*	1.30 (1.18~1.42)*** 1.22 (0.95~1.56)

Adjusted for grade, residence area, experience of alcohol consumption, smoking experience, academic achievement, economic status of household, perceived health status, perceived happiness, and stress; OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; Ref.=reference group; BMI=body mass index; *p＜.05, **p＜.01, ***p＜.001; Negelkerke R² in Model 4 with boys=.36, Negelkerke R² in Model 4 with girls=.28.

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