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Kim, Bae, and Kim: Effects of Clay and Drawing Art Program on Self-expression and Depression in Elderly Patients at a Long-term Care Hospital
Original Article

J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs 2017;28(2):196-205.

Published online: 12 June 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2017.28.2.196

Effects of Clay and Drawing Art Program on Self-expression and Depression in Elderly Patients at a Long-term Care Hospital

Dong-Hee Kim1, Young-Sil Bae2, Sang-Ho Kim3

1College of Nursing, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea

2Department of Nursing, Choonhae College of Health Sciences, Ulsan, Korea

3Busan National University of Education, Busan, Korea

Corresponding author: Bae, Young-Sil Department of Nursing, Choonhae College of Health Sciences, 9 Daehak-gil, Ungchon-myeon, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44965, Korea. Tel: +82-52-270-0173, Fax: +82-52-270-0189, E-mail: youngsilb@ch.ac.kr

Received 28 April 2017       Revised 16 June 2017       Accepted 16 June 2017

Copyright © 2017 Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

Art program has been found to enhance mood such as increasing motivation, self-expression and decreasing depression in older adults. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of clay art and drawing on depression and self-expression among elderly people at a long-term care center.

Methods

The research was a pre-test and post-test non-equivalent design. Sixty older patients (clay art program=28. Drawing art program=32) over the age of 65 were recruited from 2 long-term care hospitals to participate in the 5 weeks program. Each group was scheduled with 10,120-minute evaluation sessions, twice per week. Test measures were completed before and after the 5 week intervention period for all participants. The data was collected from April 27 to May 29, 2015. It was analyzed with SPSS 22.0 using chi-square, t-test and paired t-test.

Results

There were no significant difference in the levels of depression (t=0.21, p=.830) and total score of self-expression (t=-0.10, p=.919) between the two groups. However, the pre-post scores of self-expression in the clay art program (t=0.22, p=.826) were improved compared to the drawing art program (t=0.80, p=.430).

Conclusion

Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of clay art program for extended senior care applications.

Keywords: Art therapy, Aged, Depression

References

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Table 1.
Contents of Clay Art Program and Drawing Art Program (N=60)
Stage Sessions Subject Goal CAP (n=28) DAP (n=32)
Methods Methods
The beginning stage 1 My self-image ․ Foster self-perception Manipulating clay Drawing & Painting
2 A tree & fruits ․ Foster self-exploration Manipulating clay Drawing & Painting
The middle stage 1 3 My hands ․ Focus on the internal desires of exploration Manipulating clay Drawing
4 Flowers ․ Focus on the internal desires of self-discovery Manipulating clay Drawing & Painting
5 Butter fly ․ Concentrate on the process change approach to experiential reminiscences Manipulating clay Decalcomanias
The middle stage 2 6 Mandala ․ Aim at fostering the self-understanding Manipulating clay Drawing & Painting
7 My memories ․ Aim at fostering the self-acceptance Manipulating clay Drawing & Painting
8 Dishes Manipulating clay Collage
9 My hometown ․ Aim at fostering the self-balance Manipulating clay Drawing & Painting
The final stage 10 Exhibition ․ Center on self-integration & self-balance Story sharing Story sharing

CAP=clay art program group; DAP=drawing art program group.

Table 2.
Homogeneity Test of General Characteristics (N=60)
Characteristics Categories CAP (n=28) DAP (n=32) x2 or t p
n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
Gender Male 10 (35.7) 17 (53.1) 1.82 .176
Female 18 (64.3) 15 (46.9)
Age (year) 80.28±7.58 78.65±14.66 .298
＜80 8 (28.6) 6 (18.2) 18.08
≥80 20 (71.4) 26 (78.8)
Marital status† Married 8 (28.6) 11 (34.3) 1.58 .489
Divorce 0 (0.0) 1 (3.1)
Bereavement 20 (71.4) 20 (62.5)
Family structure† Alone 16 (57.1) 11 (34.4) 5.42 .065
Husband and wife only 2 (7.1) 7 (21.9)
Daughter/Son 10 (35.7) 14 (43.8)
Education† No 4 (14.3) 3 (9.4) 6.03 .151
Elementary school 12 (42.9) 21 (65.6)
≥Middle school 12 (42.9) 8 (25.0)
Number of children† One 2 (7.1) 2 (6.3) 4.03 .427
Two 2 (7.1) 2 (6.3)
Three 8 (28.6) 12 (37.5)
Four or above 16 (57.1) 16 (37.5)
Annuity insurance Have 18 (64.3) 25 (78.1) 1.40 .235
Don't have 10 (35.7) 7 (21.9)
Chronic disease Have 12 (42.9) 19 (59.4) 1.63 .201
Don't have 16 (57.1) 13 (40.6)

†Fisher's exact test. CAP=clay art program group; DAP=drawing art program group.

Table 3.
Homogeneity Test of Dependent Variables between Clay Art Program and Drawing Art Program Group (N=60)
Variables CAP (n=28) DAP (n=32) t p
M±SD Min~Max M±SD Min~Max
Self-expression 71.21±11.95 51~84 71.53±12.04 56~92 −0.10 .919
Depression 5.96±3.60 2~15 5.78±2.98 1~13 0.21 .830

CAP=clay art program group; DAP=drawing art program group.

Table 4.
Effects of Clay Art therapy on Self-expression and Depression between Clay Art Program and Drawing Art Program Group (N=60)
Variables CAP (n=28) t (p)† DAP (n=32) t (p)† t (p)‡
Pretest Posttest Difference Pretest Posttest Difference
M±SD M±SD M±SD M±SD M±SD M±SD
Self-expression 71.21±11.95 71.85±14.14 0.64±15.36 −0.22(.826) 71.53±12.04 70.71±15.10 −0.81±15.83 0.80 (.430) 0.36 (.720)
   Content 31.07±5.05 26.96±7.49 −4.10±6.57 20.64(＜.001) 32.25±4.26 26.12±7.95 −6.12±8.05 4.30 (＜.001 1) 1.00 (.296)
   Phonetics 24.92±6.34 26.00±5.91 1.07±8.82 −0.64(.526) 26.46±4.73 25.78±6.44 −0.68±8.25 12.99 (＜.001 1) 0.63 (.429)
   Non-verbal 15.21±3.87 16.42±3.16 1.21±4.73 −1.35(.186) 16.21±2.32 16.40±3.07 0.28±2.88 −0.55 (.586) 0.87 (.354)
Depression 5.96±3.60 5.14±3.13 −0.82±4.95 0.87(.388) 5.78±2.98 5.62±3.20 −0.09±4.24 0.21(.835) −0.54 (.590)

†Paired t-test within group; ‡t-test between groups; clay art program group; drawing art program; CAP=clay art program group; DAP=drawing art program group.

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