The Level of Pain, Gait Speed, and ROM in Community-dwelling Older Adults with Knee Joint Pain

Kye-Ha Kim; Jin-Min Lee

doi:10.12799/jkachn.2017.28.2.156

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Kim and Lee: The Level of Pain, Gait Speed, and ROM in Community-dwelling Older Adults with Knee Joint Pain

Original Article

J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs 2017;28(2):156-164.

Published online: 12 June 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2017.28.2.156

The Level of Pain, Gait Speed, and ROM in Community-dwelling Older Adults with Knee Joint Pain

Kye-Ha Kim¹, Jin-Min Lee²

¹Department of Nursing, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea

²Department of Computer & Electron Communication, Yanbian University of Science & Technology, Jilin Province, China

Corresponding author: Kim, Kye-Ha Department of Nursing, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea. Tel: +82-62-230-6326, Fax: +82-62-230-6329, E-mail: kyehakim@hanmail.net

Received 8 May 2017 Revised 8 June 2017 Accepted 14 June 2017

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of pain, gait speed, and ROM (Range of motion) in community-dwelling older adults with knee joint pain.

Methods

A convenience sample of 160 participants living in G city were recruited. Elderly people who suffer from knee joint pain with a pain level ≥5 during the last one year on a visual analogue scale were included in the study. The data were collected from June to August 2016. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS ver. 22.0.

Results

Participants' pain was 6.81 by VAS. The mean gait speed was 13.9 sec/10m. The ROM of left knee and right knee were 54.06° and 56.50°, respectively. The level of pain was different according to gender (t=-4.87, p<.001), economic status (t=3.51, p=.032), diseases (t=5.23, p<.001), diagnosis of arthritis (t=3.86, p<.001), region of knee joint pain (F=9.30, p<.001), duration of pain occurrence (F=13.82, p<.001), and limp (F=3.58, p<.001). The level of knee joint pain and gait speed had significant correlations.

Conclusion

The gait speed in older adults is an important variable that should be taken into account in the assessment of their level of knee joint pain.

Keywords: Pain, Gait, Range of motion, Elderly, Knee joint

References

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Table 1.

General Characteristics for Participants (N=160)

Characteristics	Categories	n (%) or M±SD
Age (year)		78.82±5.51
	65~74	35 (21.9)
	75~84	104 (65.0)
	≥85	21 (13.1)
Gender	Male	14 (8.7)
	Female	146 (91.3)
Educational level	No education	67 (41.9)
	Elementary school	71 (44.4)
	Middle school	22 (13.7)
Employment	Employed	18 (11.2)
Employment	Unemployed	142 (88.8)
Income status	Not adequate Fair	83 (51.9) 61 (38.1)
Income status	Adequate	16 (10.0)
Health status	Unhealthy	118 (73.8)
	Fair	34 (21.2)
	Healthy	8 (5.0)
Diseases	Yes	152 (95.0)
	No	8 (5.0)
Diagnosis of osteoarthritis	Yes	112 (70.0)
Diagnosis of osteoarthritis	No	48 (30.0)
Exercise	Yes	69 (43.1)
	No	91 (56.9)

Table 2.

Pain-related Characteristics for Participants (N=160)

Characteristics	Categories	n (%) or M±SD
Frequency of knee joint pain (day/wks)		5.41±1.87
(Range: 1~7)
Side of pain	Left	22 (13.8)
Side of pain	Right Both	31 (19.4) 107 (66.9)
Pain location^†	Anterior knee	157 (98.1)
Pain location^†	Posterior knee	54 (33.8)
Duration of pain (year)	≥1~＜5	35 (21.9)
	≥5~＜10	29 (18.1)
	≥10	96 (60.0)
Cause of pain	Congenital diseases	3 (1.9)
	Acquired diseases	147 (91.9)
	Acquired accidents	10 (6.3)
Ways to cope with pain^†	Patch	122 (76.3)
	Medication Injection or acupuncture	91 (56.9) 68 (42.5)
	Physical treatment	67 (41.9)
	Hot pack Rest	18 (11.3) 5 (3.1)
The time when having the most severe pain	Dawn	15 (9.4)
	Morning	12 (7.5)
	Lunch time Evening	14 (8.8) 28 (17.5)
	Night	50 (31.3)
	Others	41 (25.6)
Weather when having the most severe pain	A cloudy day	54 (33.8)
	A snowy day A rainy day	3 (1.9) 62 (38.8)
	A windy day	5 (3.1)
	Others	36 (22.5)
Season when having the most severe pain	Spring Summer	11 (6.9) 14 (8.8)
	Fall	9 (5.6)
	Winter Others	91 (56.9) 35 (21.9)
Symptom of limp	Yes	91 (56.9)
	No	16 (10.0)
	Yes or no	53 (33.1)

^† Double responses.

Table 3.

The Level of Pain, Gait Speed, and ROM (N=160)

Variables	M±SD	Range
Pain level	6.81±1.49	5~10
Gait speed (sec/10 m)	13.90±6.21	5~35
Left ROM (°)	54.06±24.09	15~150
Right ROM (°)	56.50±24.12	15~140

ROM=range of motion.

Table 4.

General Characteristics and Pain-related Characteristics by Level of Pain and Gait Speed (N=160)

Characteristics	Categories	Pain		Gait speed		Lt ROM		Rt ROM
Characteristics	Categories	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)
Gender	Male	5.57±0.94	−4.87	11.80±3.64	−1.27	53.61±22.78	0.53	56.01±22.37	0.53
Gender	Female	6.93±1.48	(＜.001)	14.08±6.38	(.206)	58.79±35.84	(.064)	61.57±38.76	(.606)
Income status	Not adequate	7.11±1.40	3.51	13.83±5.50	1.08	64.38±37.90	6.45	68.13±30.81	7.09
	Fair	6.51±1.57	(.032)	13.37±6.38	(.343)	59.87±25.10	(.002)	62.23±26.08	(.001)
	Adequate	6.44±1.46		16.02±8.78		47.81±17.78	a, b＞c	50.04±19.07	a, b＞c
Health status	Unhealthy	7.07±1.50	7.14	13.82±6.11	0.80	84.13±53.84	7.27	82.00±48.16	4.99
	Fair	6.06±1.21	(.001)	13.44±5.72	(.450)	54.65±25.44	(.001)	56.21±25.25	(.008)
	Healthy	6.25±1.49	a＞b	16.71±9.64		51.86±19.13	a＞b, c	54.85±20.95	a＞b, c
Diseases	Yes	6.89±1.49	5.23	13.78±6.05	−0.87	67.25±37.45	−1.04	71.50±37.21	−1.19
Diseases	No	5.38±0.74	(＜.001)	15.75±8.97	(.384)	53.37±23.16	(.332)	55.71±23.15	(.272)
Diagnosis of osteoarthritis	Yes	7.10±1.43	3.86	14.18±6.43	0.95	58.08±29.91	−1.39	59.19±28.56	−0.92
Diagnosis of osteoarthritis	No	6.15±1.44	(＜.001)	13.17±5.67	(.345)	52.34±21.04	(.168)	55.34±21.99	(.357)
Side of pain	Left	6.91±1.85	3.06	11.57±4.24	1.97	45.27±14.92	2.07	43.18±14.84	4.04
	Right	6.23±1.45	(.050)	13.51±6.87	(.143)	52.29±21.62	(.129)	58.87±22.48	(.020)
	Both	6.96±1.39		14.47±6.30		56.38±25.92		58.55±25.36	a＜c
Duration of pain (year)	≥1~＜5	6.26±1.63	8.79	11.24±3.74	6.43	49.14±21.45	0.98	52.37±22.82	0.80
	≥5~＜10	6.21±1.24	(＜.001)	12.34±5.32	(.002)	56.59±20.59	(.379)	55.55±22.94	(.453)
	≥10	7.20±1.40	a, b＜c	15.25±6.77	a＜c	55.09±25.88		58.29±24.95
Season when having the most severe pain	Spring	7.00±1.48	0.41	13.73±7.27	1.07	71.82±35.16	1.93	76.36±26.84	3.27
	Summer	7.07±1.98	(.805)	14.18±9.09	(.375)	59.14±31.76	(.108)	63.14±34.63	(.013)
	Fall	7.22±0.67		14.88±2.42		10.00±3.33		61.11±17.64	a＞e
	Winter	6.76±1.32		14.53±6.23		52.37±21.75		55.50±21.69
	Others	6.69±1.86		12.00±4.81		51.46±23.67		49.01±22.80
Symptom of limp	Yes	7.32±1.50	1.51	14.97±6.64	3.12	56.18±22.59	1.32	58.07±21.74	1.54
	No	5.38±0.62	(＜.001)	12.61±8.39	(.047)	56.56±34.19	(.270)	62.19±36.79	(.218)
	Yes or no	6.38±1.24	a＞c＞b	12.41±4.25		49.68±22.90		52.08±23.16

Table 5.

Correlations with the Level of Pain, Gait Speed, and ROM

Variables	Pain	Gait speed	Left ROM	Right ROM
Variables	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)
Pain level	1
Gait speed	.29 (＜.001)	1
Left ROM	.11 (.177)	.33 (＜.001)	1
Right ROM (°)	.10 (.216)	.42 (＜.001)	.84 (＜.001)	1

ROM=range of motion.

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