The Effects of Health Behavior and Health Status on Heath-related Quality of Life in Older People: Gender Analysis by using the 2012 Korea Health Panel Data

Min-Jeong Park; So Eun Choi

doi:10.12799/jkachn.2017.28.2.118

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Park and Choi: The Effects of Health Behavior and Health Status on Heath-related Quality of Life in Older People: Gender Analysis by using the 2012 Korea Health Panel Data

Original Article

J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs 2017;28(2):118-128.

Published online: 12 June 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2017.28.2.118

The Effects of Health Behavior and Health Status on Heath-related Quality of Life in Older People: Gender Analysis by using the 2012 Korea Health Panel Data

Min-Jeong Park¹, So Eun Choi²

¹Department of Nursing, Kunsan National University, Muan, Korea

²Department of Nursing · The Research Institute of Women, Mokpo National University, Muan, Korea

Corresponding author: Choi, So Eun Department of Nursing, Mokpo National University, 1666 Yeongsan-ro, Chenggye-myeon, Muan 58554, Korea. Tel: +82-61-450-2672, Fax: +82-61-450-2679, E-mail: seami@mokpo.ac.kr

Received 26 February 2017 Revised 24 April 2017 Accepted 27 April 2017

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to measure health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and to investigate the affecting factors according to gender in older adults by using the 2012 Korea Health Panel data.

Methods

The Korea Health Panel data 2012 were collected from February to August 2012 by Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs and National Health Insurance Corporation and the number of respondents were 1,921. The data were analyzed by t-test, chi-square, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression using SPSS/WIN program.

Results

The limitation of activity was the most influential factor for health-related quality of life of both male and female. For male, the affecting factors on HRQoL were hearing problems and frustration. For female, the affecting factors on HRQoL were eating problems, depression and suicidal impulses. Drinking, moderate physical activities, vision problems and stress had a significant effect on HRQoL for both male and female.

Conclusion

Health care providers should consider the differences between male and female when they design a program in order to improve HRQoL of older people.

Keywords: Aged, Quality of life, Health behavior, Health status

References

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Table 1.

Demographic Characteristics by Gender (N=1,921)

Characteristics	Categories	Total	Male	Female	x²	p
Characteristics	Categories	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	x²	p
Age (year)	65~74	1,208 (62.9)	552 (64.9)	656 (61.3)	7.95	.019
	75~84	630 (32.8)	273 (32.2)	357 (33.3)
	≥85	83 (4.3)	25 (2.9)	58 (5.4)
Spouse	Yes	1,346 (70.1)	778 (91.5)	568 (53.0)	334.83	＜.001
Spouse	No	575 (29.9)	72 (8.5)	503 (47.0)
Education level	Ineducation	215 (13.1)	33 (3.9)	218 (20.4)	316.66	＜.001
	≤Elementary school	865 (45.0)	279 (32.8)	558 (52.1)
	Middle school	293 (15.2)	160 (18.8)	147 (13.7)
	High school	342 (17.8)	239 (28.1)	114 (10.6)
	≥College	170 (8.9)	139 (16.4)	34 (3.2)
Economic activity	Yes	606 (31.6)	361 (42.5)	245 (22.9)	84.25	＜.001
Economic activity	No	1,315 (68.4)	489 (57.5)	826 (77.1)

Table 2.

Health Behavior, Physical Heath, and Mental Health by Gender (N=1,921)

Variables	Characteristics	Categories	Total	Male	Female	x² or t	p
Variables	Characteristics	Categories	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	x² or t	p
Health behavior	Smoking	Nonsmoker	1,211 (63.1)	541 (63.7)	670 (62.6)	0.35	.837
		Ex-smoker	312 (16.2)	138 (16.2)	174 (16.2)
		Current smoker	398 (20.7)	171 (20.1)	227 (21.2)
	Drinking	No	654 (34.0)	302 (35.5)	352 (32.9)	1.49	.221
		Yes	1,267 (66.0)	548 (64.5)	719 (67.1)
	Sleeping time	7~8	956 (49.8)	429 (50.5)	527 (49.3)	0.28	.595
	(hour)	≤6 or≥9	964 (50.2)	421 (49.5)	543 (50.7)
	Physical activity	High	198 (10.3)	82 (9.7)	116 (10.8)	0.84	.653
		Moderate	670 (34.9)	295 (34.7)	375 (35.0)
		Low	1,053 (54.8)	473 (55.6)	580 (54.2)
Physical health	Chronic disease	Yes	1,778 (92.6)	760 (89.4)	1,018 (95.1)	21.87	＜.001
		No	148 (7.4)	90 (10.6)	53 (4.9)
	Vision problem	Yes	477 (24.8)	205 (24.1)	272 (25.4)	0.41	.519
		No	1,444 (75.2)	645 (75.9)	799 (74.6)
	Hearing problem	Yes	189 (9.8)	87 (10.2)	102 (9.5)	0.27	.603
		No	1,732 (90.2)	763 (89.8)	969 (90.5)
	Eating problem	Yes	614 (32.0)	269 (31.7)	345 (32.2)	0.06	.791
		No	1,307 (68.0)	581 (68.3)	726 (67.8)
	Activity limited	Yes	93 (4.8)	37 (4.4)	56 (5.2)	0.78	.374
		No	1,828 (95.2)	813 (95.6)	1,015 (94.8)
Mental health	Stress		1.93±1.05	1.90±1.05	1.94±1.05	0.78	.436
	Frustration		1.45±0.78	1.42±0.75	1.47±0.80	1.37	.171
	Anxiety		1.89±1.08	1.86±1.08	1.92±1.08	1.34	.181
	Depression	Yes	123 (6.4)	51 (6.0)	72 (6.7)	0.41	.517
		No	1,797 (93.6)	799 (94.0)	998 (93.3)
	Suicidal impulse	Yes	103 (5.4)	44 (5.2)	59 (5.5)	0.10	.744
		No	1,817 (94.6)	806 (94.8)	1,011 (94.5)

Table 3.

Health-related Quality of Life by Demographic Characteristics (N=1,921)

Characteristics	Categories	Total		Male		Female
Characteristics	Categories	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)
Age (year)	65~74	0.91±0.08	1.05 (.348)	0.90±0.08	1.75 (.175)	0.91±0.07	1.42 (.242)
	75~84	0.90±0.10		0.91±0.08		0.90±0.11
	≥85	0.89±0.13		0.87±0.20		0.91±0.08
Spouse	Yes	0.90±0.09	−0.53 (.598)	0.90±0.09	−1.62 (.108)	0.91±0.08	0.18 (.855)
Spouse	No	0.91±0.09		0.92±0.06		0.90±0.09
Education	Ineducation	0.90±0.11	0.08 (.989)	0.92±0.04	0.96 (.426)	0.90±0.12	0.45 (.769)
	≤Elementary school	0.91±0.07		0.90±0.07		0.91±0.07
	Middle school	0.90±0.09		0.89±0.10		0.91±0.07
	High school	0.90±0.09		0.90±0.09		0.90±0.07
	≥College	0.91±0.10		0.91±0.10		0.90±0.08
Economic activity	Yes	0.91±0.07	1.14 (.252)	0.91±0.06	2.04 (.042)	0.90±0.08	−0.34 (.730)
Economic activity	No	0.90±0.09		0.90±0.10		0.91±0.08

Table 4.

Health-related Quality of Life by Health Behavior, Physical Health and Mental Health (N=1,921)

Variables	Characteristics	Categories	Total		Male		Female
Variables	Characteristics	Categories	M±SD t	t or F or r (p)	M±SD t	t or F or r (p)	M±SD t	or F or r (p)
Health behavior	Smoking	Nonsmoker	0.90±0.08^a	10.63	0.90±0.08	2.51	0.90±0.08^a	9.67
		Ex-smoker	0.89±0.12^a	(＜.001)	0.89±0.12	(.081)	0.89±0.12^a	(＜.001)
		Current smoker	0.92±0.06^b		0.91±0.08		0.93±0.04^b
	Drinking	No	0.88±0.12	−6.57	0.88±0.12	−4.61	0.88±0.11	−4.68
		Yes	0.92±0.06	(＜.001)	0.92±0.06	(＜.001)	0.92±0.06	(＜.001)
	Sleeping time	7~8	0.91±0.06	4.97	0.91±0.07	3.37	0.92±0.06	3.66
	(hour)	≤6 or≥9	0.89±0.10	(＜.001)	0.89±0.10	(＜.001)	0.90±0.10	(＜.001)
	Physical	High	0.92±0.05^a	18.69	0.92±0.07	5.16	0.92±0.04^a	14.37
	activity	Moderate	0.92±0.06^a	(＜.001)	0.91±0.07^a	(.005)	0.92±0.05^a	(＜.001)
		Low	0.89±0.10^b		0.89±0.10^b		0.89±0.10^b
Physical health	Chronic	Yes	0.90±0.09	−1.89	0.90±0.09	−1.28	0.90±0.09	−1.54
	disease	No	0.91±0.05	(.060)	0.91±0.06	(.201)	0.92±0.05	(.127)
	Vision	Yes	0.87±0.10	9.05	0.86±0.12	6.03	0.87±0.09	6.77
	problem	No	0.92±0.08	(＜.001)	0.92±0.07	(＜.001)	0.92±0.08	(＜.001)
	Hearing	Yes	0.83±0.14	7.23	0.82±0.16	5.45	0.85±0.13	4.79
	problem	No	0.91±0.07	(＜.001)	0.91±0.07	(＜.001)	0.91±0.08	(＜.001)
	Eating	Yes	0.88±0.10	8.94	0.87±0.10	5.71	0.88±0.10	6.89
	problem	No	0.92±0.07	(＜.001)	0.92±0.08	(＜.001)	0.92±0.07	(＜.001)
	Activity	Yes	0.71±0.18	11.14	0.67±0.19	7.73	0.73±0.17	8.13
	limited	No	0.91±0.06	(＜.001)	0.91±0.06	(＜.001)	0.91±0.07	(.＜001)
Mental health	Stress			−.30		−.30		−.29
				(＜.001)		(＜.001)		(＜.001)
	Frustration			−.24		−.26		−.22
				(＜.001)		(＜.001)		(＜.001)
	Anxiety			−.16		−.18		−.14
				(＜.001)		(＜.001)		(＜.001)
	Depression	Yes	0.84±0.16	4.64	0.83±0.14	3.59	0.84±0.18	3.14
		No	0.91±0.08	(＜.001)	0.91±0.08	(＜.001)	0.91±0.07	(＜.001)
	Suicidal	Yes	0.81±0.15	5.56	0.81±0.15	4.06	0.83±0.15	3.95
	impulse	No	0.91±0.08	(＜.001)	0.91±0.08	(＜.001)	0.91±0.08	(＜.001)

a-b Scheffé test: Means with the other letter are significantly different.

Table 5.

Factors Associated with Health-related Quality of Life (N=1,921)

Variables		Male				Female
Variables		B	SE	β	t (p)	B	SE	β	t (p)
Health behavior	Ex smoker^†	−.01	0.01	−.03	−1.12 (.261)	−.00	0.01	−.01	−0.32 (.749)
	Current smoker^†	.01	0.01	.03	0.87 (.382)	.01	0.01	.06	2.29 (.022)
	Drinking	.01	0.00	.11	3.65 (＜.001)	.01	0.00	.09	3.44 (＜.001)
	Sleeping time ≤6 or≥9	−.01	0.00	−.06	−2.26 (.024)	−.01	0.00	−.04	−1.46 (.144)
	High physical activity^‡	.00	0.01	.02	0.56 (.576)	.02	0.01	.07	2.58 (.010)
	Moderate physical activity^‡	.01	0.00	.07	2.63 (.008)	.02	0.00	.10	3.87 (＜.001)
Physical health	Vision problem	−.02	0.01	−.08	−2.60 (.009)	−.01	0.01	−.06	−2.09 (.036)
	Hearing problem	−.05	0.01	−.17	−6.08 (＜.001)	−.02	0.01	−.08	−3.01 (.002)
	Eating problem	−.01	0.01	−.06	−2.05 (.040)	−.02	0.01	−.10	−3.78 (＜.001)
	Activity limited	−.17	0.01	−.40 -	14.49 (＜.001)	−.15	0.01	−.37 -	14.32 (＜.001)
Mental health	Stress	−.01	0.00	−.15	−4.73 (＜.001)	−.01	0.00	−.15	−4.76 (＜.001)
	Frustration	−.02	0.00	−.14	−4.24 (＜.001)	−.00	0.00	−.04	−1.14 (.254)
	Anxiety	.00	0.00	.04	1.21 (.224)	.00	0.00	.03	0.93 (.353)
	Depression	−.01	0.01	−.04	−1.28 (.199)	−.03	0.01	−.07	−2.56 (.010)
	Suicidal impulse	−.02	0.01	−.04	−1.32 (.187)	−.02	0.01	−.06	−2.10 (.035)
		R²=.44, Adjusted R²=.43, F=42.68, p＜.001 R²=.35, Adjusted R²=.34, F=37.69, p＜.001

^†Nonsmoker=0, Drinking: No=0, Sleeping time 7~8 hours=0; ^‡Low Physical activity=0, Vision problem: No=0, Hearing problem: No=0, Eating problem: No=0, Activity limited: No=0, Depression: No=0, Sucidal impulse: No=0.

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