Journal List > J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs > v.27(2) > 1058449

TOOLS
Lee and Lee: A Comparison of Characteristics between Success Group and Failure Group of 1-year Continuous Smoking Abstinence in Young Adult and Middle-aged Male Workers: with Focus on the First-year Analysis of Korean Cross-sectional Survey
Original Article

Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing 2016; 27(2): 95-105.

Published online: 30 June 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2016.27.2.95

A Comparison of Characteristics between Success Group and Failure Group of 1-year Continuous Smoking Abstinence in Young Adult and Middle-aged Male Workers: with Focus on the First-year Analysis of Korean Cross-sectional Survey

Juna Lee, Insook Lee

College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author: Lee, Insook. College of Nursing, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea. Tel: +82-2-740-8828, Fax: +82-2-765-4103, lisook@snu.ac.kr

Received 12 February 2016       Revised 2 April 2016       Accepted 8 April 2016

© 2016 Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study examined the characteristics differences associated with 1-year continuous smoking abstinence in Korean young adult and middle-aged male workers.

Methods

'Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)' is an ongoing surveillance system that assesses the health and nutritional status of Koreans. For a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from KNHANES VI-1, this study selected 683 Korean male workers as a subpopulation, who were young adult or middle-aged. The subpopulation was composed of success or failure group of 1-year continuous smoking abstinence. Binomial logistic regression analysis was performed.

Results

Success group was more likely to be older, live in urban areas, rate their health status as excellent or good, and have ever been diagnosed with hypertension than failure group. Additionally, Success group was less likely to have used electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), drink more than once a month, and have been exposed to secondhand smoking in workplace within a week.

Conclusion

Developing smoking cessation programs requires consideration of resources in rural areas, promoting self-efficacy, restricting e-cigarettes and drinking, and promoting a smoke-free workplace.

Keywords: Middle aged, Male, Employment, Smoking cessation

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Comparisons of General Characteristics between Sucess and Failure Group in Continuous Smoking Abstinence (N=683)

jkachn-27-95-i001
Variables Categories Continuous smoking abstinence x2 or t p
≥1 year
(success group)		 <1 year
(failure group)
n† (%)‡ or M±SE‡ n† (%)‡ or M±SE‡
Total 363 (51.5) 320 (48.5)
Age (year) 45.96±0.46 42.47±1.13 −5.19 <.001
29~39 74 (22.7) 121 (42.5) 32.39 <.001
40~49 140 (38.8) 107 (32.6)
50~59 149 (38.4) 92 (24.9)
Inhabited area Urban area 303 (84.4) 253 (77.3) 5.56 .027
Rural area 60 (15.6) 67 (22.7)
Residence Others 125 (38.4) 144 (48.5) 7.10 .025
Apartment 238 (61.6) 176 (51.5)
Personal income (n=680)† Low 61 (18.6) 68 (20.1) 11.92 .022
Middle low 88 (23.4) 88 (30.4)
Middle high 92 (25.9) 92 (28.6)
High 120 (32.2) 71 (20.9)
Family income (n=680)† Low 14 (4.7) 16 (4.2) 12.08 .020
Middle low 76 (21.7) 83 (25.6)
Middle high 110 (29.3) 114 (38.3)
High 161 (44.3) 106 (32.0)
Educational level (n=682)† ≤Elementary school 17 (4.6) 16 (4.1) 2.30 .538
Middle school 31 (8.3) 30 (9.9)
High school 129 (36.9) 136 (41.6)
≥College 185 (50.3) 138 (45.0)
Occupation (n=680)† Profession or supervisor 97 (26.3) 53 (18.4) 13.09 .071
Office worker 69 (19.7) 56 (16.8)
Sales or service 50 (14.6) 68 (19.7)
Primary industry 16 (3.8) 9 (1.9)
Technician 106 (29.7) 110 (37.2)
Blue-collar worker 23 (5.9) 23 (6.0)
Cohabitant 3.44±0.07 3.32±0.09 −1.38 .170
Household Single-person 11 (3.3) 15 (4.4) 3.89 .358
Single-generation 53 (13.2) 50 (17.6)
Two-generation 273 (76.0) 240 (72.5)
Three-generation 26 (7.5) 15 (5.5)
Marital Status (n=680)† With spouse 318 (87.1) 273 (83.3) 2.66 .399
Divorce, bereaved 17 (4.7) 12 (4.7)
Single 25 (8.3) 35 (12.0)

SE=standard error; †Unweighted; ‡Weighted.

Table 2

Comparisons of Health related Characteristics between Sucess and Failure Group in Continuous Smoking Abstinence (N=683)†

jkachn-27-95-i002
Variables Categories Continuous smoking abstinence x2 or t p
≥1 year
(success group)		 <1 year
(failure group)
n† (%)‡ or M±SE‡ n† (%)‡ or M±SE‡
Total 363 (51.5) 320 (48.5)
Perceived health status Excellent or good 143 (39.6) 103 (30.6) 7.08 .036
Fair 184 (52.1) 180 (57.4)
Poor or very poor 36 (8.3) 37 (12.0)
Physical discomfort within 2 weeks  Yes 34 (8.9) 39 (12.5) 2.35 .146
 No 329 (91.1) 281 (87.5)
Chronic disease diagnosis Hypertension 13.13 .001
 Yes 70 (18.0) 30 (8.5)
 No 293 (82.0) 290 (91.5)
Dyslipidemia 1.99 .169
 Yes 43 (10.9) 28 (7.8)
 No 320 (89.1) 292 (92.2)
Diabetes mellitus 2.35 .160
 Yes 24 (6.4) 14 (3.8)
 No 339 (93.6) 306 (96.2)
Amount of smoking (cigarettes per day) 15.22±0.54 15.08±0.71 -0.18 .854
Electronic cigarettes use Yes 13 (4.5) 69 (24.5) 56.12 <.001
No 350 (95.5) 251 (75.5)
Monthly drinking§ Yes 284 (78.0) 275 (87.0) 9.44 .005
No 79 (22.0) 45 (13.0)
Physical activity (MET-min/week) 2478.93±193.56 2746.97±300.13 0.89 .373
Inactive 81 (22.8) 93 (28.5) 6.52 .080
Minimally active 178 (48.1) 128 (38.6)
Physically active 104 (29.1) 99 (32.9)
Mental health Level of perceived stress 0.47 .513
 Very often or often 82 (23.4) 79 (25.7)
 Sometimes or never 281 (76.6) 241 (74.3)
Continuous depression over 2 weeks 0.08 .777
 Yes 16 (3.9) 13 (4.4)
 No 347 (96.1) 307 (95.6)
Hours of sleep (per day) 6.66±0.06 6.63±0.09 -0.32 .747

SE=standard error; MET-min=metabolic equivalent-minutes; †Unweighted; ‡Weighted; § Drinking more than once a month.

Table 3

Comparisons of Social and Environmental Characteristics between Sucess and Failure Group in Continuous Smoking Abstinence (N=683)†

jkachn-27-95-i003
Variables Categories Continuous smoking abstinence x2 or t p
≥1 year
(success group)		 <1 year
(failure group)
n† (%)‡ or M±SE‡ n† (%)‡ or M±SE‡
Total 363 (51.5) 320 (48.5)
Working hours (per week) (n=682)† 47.21±0.74 50.76±1.17 3.02 .003
Position Employee 254 (70.5) 217 (70.6) 0.00 .987
Others∥ 109 (29.5) 103 (29.4)
Work hour (n=674)† Day 308 (85.8) 264 (82.4) 5.60 .104
Evening or night 22 (5.8) 33 (10.6)
Shift work 29 (8.5) 18 (7.0)
Second-hand smoking within a week Workplace 15.87 <.001
 Yes 231 (62.1) 240 (76.2)
 No 132 (37.9) 80 (23.8)
Public place 1.89 .210
 Yes 241 (64.5) 191 (59.4)
 No 122 (35.5) 129 (40.6)
Existence of in-home smokers Yes 17 (6.0) 18 (6.7) 0.15 .746
No 346 (94.0) 302 (93.3)
Anti-smoking campaigns§ Yes 281 (76.6) 262 (82.5) 3.67 .075
No 82 (23.4) 58 (17.5)

SE=standard error; †Unweighted; ‡Weighted; §Exposure to Anti-smoking Campaigns within 1year; ∥Employer and Family Business.

Table 4

Factors related to 1-year Continuous Smoking Abstinence in Young Adult and Middle-aged Male Workers (N=679)†

jkachn-27-95-i004
Variables Categories Crude OR (95% CI)‡ Adjusted OR (95% CI)‡ p Wald F
Age (year) 29~39 1.00 1.00 .001 7.31
40~49 2.23 (1.52~3.27) 1.89 (1.23~2.92)
50~59 2.89 (1.95~4.29) 2.14 (1.40~3.27)
Inhabited area Rural area 1.00 1.00 .042 4.21
Urban area 1.59 (1.05~2.40) 1.53 (1.02~2.29)
Residence Others 1.00 1.00 .142 2.18
Apartment 1.51 (1.05~2.17) 1.34 (0.91~1.98)
Family income Low 1.00 1.00 .194 1.59
Middle low 0.75 (0.31~1.82) 0.83 (0.29~2.40)
Middle high 0.68 (0.30~1.55) 0.74 (0.28~1.96)
High 1.23 (0.55~2.78) 1.15 (0.44~3.02)
Perceived health status Poor or very poor 1.00 1.00 .030 3.58
Fair 1.30 (0.75~2.25) 1.41 (0.80~2.50)
Excellent or good 1.86 (1.08~3.22) 2.12 (1.14~3.97)
Hypertension diagnosis No 1.00 1.00 .011 6.65
Yes 2.35 (1.41~3.94) 2.19 (1.20~3.98)
Electronic cigarettes use Yes 1.00 1.00 <.001 21.08
No 6.89 (3.39~14.00) 5.68 (2.69~12.00)
Monthly drinking§ Yes 1.00 1.00 .002 9.88
No 1.88 (1.21~2.93) 2.14 (1.33~3.44)
Working hours (per week) ≥49 hours 1.00 1.00 .089 2.93
<49 hours 1.77 (1.27~2.47) 1.37 (0.95~1.97)
Secondhand smoking in workplace within a week Yes 1.00 1.00 .001 12.61
No 1.96 (1.39~2.76) 1.87 (1.32~2.65)
Correct prediction (%) 68.7
Nagelkerke R2 (%) 24.5

OR=odds ratio; CI=confidential interval; †Unweighted; ‡Weighted; §Drinking more than once a month.

References

1. Ministry of Health and Welfare. Manual for integrated health promotion program 2015: Tobacco cessation [Internet]. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare;2015. cited 2015 December 16. Available from: http://www.mohw.go.kr/front_new/jb/sjb030301vw.jsp.
2. Choi JS. The effect of early detection of hypertension and diabetes on smoking and alcohol drinking. Health Soc Welf Rev. 2007; 27(1):103–130. 10.15709/hswr.2007.27.1.103.
3. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends of smoking prevalence: Gender, over 19years old [Internet]. Daejeon: Statistics Korea;2015. cited 2015 May 27. Available from: http://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=117&tblId=DT_11702_N001&vw_cd=MT_ZTITLE&list_id=117_11702_A01_011&seqNo=&lang_mode=ko&language=kor&obj_var_id=&itm_id=&conn_path=E1.
4. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Analysis guideline for the sixth Korean national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES VI-1) [Internet]. Cheongju: Ministry of Health and Welfare;2015. cited 2015 October 12. Available from: https://knhanes.cdc.go.kr/knhanes/index.do.
5. Lindström M, Isacsson SO, Elmstahl S. Impact of different aspects of social participation and social capital on smoking cessation among daily smokers: A longitudinal study. Tob Control. 2003; 12(3):274–281. 10.1136/tc.12.3.274.
6. Twyman L, Bonevski B, Paul C, Bryant J. Perceived barriers to smoking cessation in selected vulnerable groups: A systematic review of the qualitative and quantitative literature. BMJ Open. 2014; 4(12):e006414. 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006414.
crossref
7. Statistics Korea. Attempt to stop smoking and reasons for failure within 1-year (over 20 years old) [Internet]. Daejeon: Statistics Korea;2014. cited 2015 December 29. Available from: http://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1SS14HE042R&vw_cd=MT_ZTITLE&list_id=D215_2014&seqNo=&lang_mode=ko&language=kor&obj_var_id=&itm_id=&conn_path=E1.
8. Pender N, Murdaugh C, Parsons MA. Health promotion in nursing practice. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education;2011. p. 349.
9. Choi HS, Sohn HS, Kim YH, Lee MJ. Factors associated with failure in the continuity of smoking cessation among 6 month's smoking cessation successes in the smoking cessation clinic of public health center. J Korean Acad-Ind Cooperation Soc. 2012; 13(10):4653–4659. 10.5762/kais.2012.13.10.4653.
10. Ha MH, Lee DH. Predictors of quitting smoking - results of worksite smoking cessation campaign of a steel manufacturing industry. Korean J Occup Environmen Med. 2000; 12(2):70–178.
11. Kim JS, Yu JO, Kim MS. Factors contributing to the intention to quit smoking in community-dwelling elderly smokers. J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2012; 23(4):358–365. 10.12799/jkachn.2012.23.4.358.
crossref
12. Ryu SY, Shin JH, Kang MG, Park J. Factors associated with intention to quit smoking among male smokers in 13 communities in Honam region of Korea: 2010 community health survey. Korean J Health Educ Promot. 2011; 28(2):75–85.
13. Song TM, Lee JY, Cho KS. The factor influencing on success of quitting smoking in new enrollees and re-enrollees in smoking cessation clinics. Korean J Health Educ Promot. 2008; 25(2):19–30.
14. Statistics Korea. The employment on inhabited areas, sex, age, education [Internet]. Daejeon: Statistics Korea;2015. cited 2016 March 20. Available from: http://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1ES3B04&conn_path=I2.
15. Hyun HS, Lee IS. Body mass index (BMI) -related factors of community-dwelling elders: Comparison between early and late elderly people. J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2013; 24(1):62–73. 10.12799/jkachn.2013.24.1.62.
16. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Publication list [Internet]. Cheongju: Ministry of Health and Welfare;2015. cited 2015 December 29. Available from: https://knhanes.cdc.go.kr/knhanes/index.do.
17. Kim SY. Adult's health behaviors according to their stages for the success of smoking cessation [master's thesis]. Seoul: Sahmyook University;2008. 107.
18. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The sixth Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES VI-1), 2013 [Internet]. Cheongju: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2013. cited 2015 October 12. Available from: https://knhanes.cdc.go.kr/knhanes/index.do.
19. Lichtenstein E. The smoking problem: A behavioral perspective. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1982; 50(6):804–819. 10.1037/0022-006x.50.6.804.
crossref
20. Fiore MC, Novontny TE, Pierce JP, Giovino GA, Hatzindreu EJ, Newcomb PA, et al. Methods used to quit smoking in the United States: Do cessation programs help? JAMA. 1990; 263(20):2760–2765. 10.1001/jama.263.20.2760.
crossref
21. Ministry of Employment and Labor. Act on prohibition of age discrimination in employment and aged employment promotion [Internet]. Sejong: Korea Ministry of Government Legislation;2013. cited 2015 December 30. Available from: http://www.law.go.kr/eng/engLsSc.do?menuId=1&query=employment+age&x=0&y=0#EJP19:0.
22. Korea Labor Institute. Statistics on mandatory retirement systems of companies [Internet]. Daejeon: Statistics Korea;2014. cited 2015 December 30. Available from: http://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=336&tblId=TX_336_2009_H1038&conn_path=I2.
23. Bae SY, Ko DS, Noh JS, Lee BH, Park HS, Park J. Relation of physical activity and health-related quality of life in Korean elderly. J Korea Contents Assoc. 2010; 10(10):255–266. 10.5392/jkca.10.10.255.
crossref
24. Croghan IT, Schroeder DR, Hays JT, Ederman KM, Patten CA, Berg EJ, et al. Nicotine dependence treatment: Perceived health status improvement with 1-year continuous smoking abstinence. Eur J Public Health. 2005; 15(3):251–255. 10.1093/eurpub/cki076.
crossref
25. Lyons RA, Lo SV, Littlepage BN. Perception of health amongst ever-smokers and never-smokers: A comparison using the SF-36 health survey questionnaire. Tob Control. 1994; 3(3):213–215. 10.1136/tc.3.3.213.
crossref
26. Mulder I, Tijihuis M, Smit HA, Kromhout D. Smoking cessation and quality of life: The effect of amount of smoking and time since quitting. Prev Med. 2001; 33(6):653–660. 10.1006/pmed.2001.0941.
crossref
27. Bullen C, Howe C, Laugesen M, McRobbie H, Parag V, Williman J, et al. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: A randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2013; 382(9905):1629–1637. 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61842-5.
28. Polosa R, Caponnetto P, Morjaria JB, Papale G, Campagna D, Russo C. Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e-cigarette) on smoking reduction and cessation: A prospective 6-month pilot study. BMC Public Health. 2011; 11(1):786. 10.1186/1471-2458-11-786.
crossref
TOOLS
Similar articles