The Impacts of Job Stress and Job Embeddedness on Presenteeism among Container Terminal Workers

Ji Hyun Lee; Eun Kyung Choi; Hyang Ok Oh; Hye Kyung Moon; Sang Min Lee

doi:10.12799/jkachn.2016.27.1.31

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Lee, Choi, Oh, Moon, and Lee: The Impacts of Job Stress and Job Embeddedness on Presenteeism among Container Terminal Workers

Original Article

Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing 2016; 27(1): 31-42.

Published online: 31 March 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2016.27.1.31

The Impacts of Job Stress and Job Embeddedness on Presenteeism among Container Terminal Workers

Ji Hyun Lee¹, Eun Kyung Choi², Hyang Ok Oh³, Hye Kyung Moon⁴, Sang Min Lee⁵

¹Department of Nursing, Kosin University, Busan, Korea.

²CJ Korea Express Busan Container Terminal Corp, Busan, Korea.

³Department of Nursing, Kimhae University, Busan, Korea.

⁴Busan Geriatrics Hospital, Busan, Korea.

⁵Department of Nursing, Kangwon Tourism College, Taebaek, Korea.

Corresponding author: Choi, Eun Kyung. CJ Korea Express Busan Container Terminal Corp, 294 Sinsun-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 608-741, Korea. Tel: +82-51-620-0249, Fax: +82-51-620-0269, ekchoi@kbct.co.kr

Received 18 August 2015 Revised 14 March 2016 Accepted 22 March 2016

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to identify the impacts of job stress and job embeddedness on presenteeism among container terminal workers.

Methods

The participants were 299 workers at the S Harbor in P City. Data were collected from April 22 to June 5, 2015. The data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé's test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and logistic regression.

Results

These workers on presenteeism were affected by the department of work, annual pay, and exercise of more than 30 minutes per day, revealing a statistically significant difference according to these variables. In other words, when job stress was high, job embeddedness was less, the extent of work impairment was higher, and in turn perceived productivity was lower. Work impairment was 3.11 times higher in workers with above-average job stress than those with lower job stress. Perceived productivity was 2.31 times higher in workers with above-average job embeddedness than those with lower job embeddedness.

Conclusion

To reduce work impairment and increase productivity among container terminal workers, it is necessary to decrease their job stress, to increase their job embeddedness, and especially to do exercise for more than 30 minutes a day.

Keywords: Presenteeism, Psychological stress, Career mobility, Manpower

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Presenteeism Degree according to the Characteristics of Subjects (N=299)

Characteristics	Categories	n (%) or M±SD	Work impairment		Perceived productivity
Characteristics	Categories	n (%) or M±SD	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)
Age (year)	26~39	27 (9.0)	31.56±21.63	2.60 (.076)	78.51±17.03	2.01 (.136)
	40~49	149 (49.8)	20.28±1.66		82.88±13.20
	50~59	123 (41.2) 52.21±6.32	21.31±1.92		84.32±13.56 52.21±6.32
Department	Transport part	156 (52.2)	31.59±21.48	2.41 (.017)	84.03±13.48	1.25 (.211)
Department	Maintenance part	143 (47.8)	37.38±19.98	2.41 (.017)	82.04±14.05	1.25 (.211)
Education	≤Middle school	10 (3.2)	35.25±17.89	0.98 (.403)	78.00±14.57	0.71 (.549)
	High school	146 (48.8)	32.24±22.15		83.55±13.94
	University	91 (30.4)	36.43±20.15		83.60±13.79
	>University	52 (17.4)	36.49±19.23		81.79±13.20
Marital status	Single	37 (12.4)	34.46±21.58	0.03 (.975)	77.11±17.14	2.85 (.005)
Marital status	Married	262 (87.6)	34.34±20.89	0.03 (.975)	83.92±13.05	2.85 (.005)
Salary (10,000 won)	3,000~4,999	134 (44.8)	35.32±21.18	0.71 (.476)	80.09±16.25	3.44 (.001)
Salary (10,000 won)	≥5,000	165 (55.2)	33.58±20.78	0.71 (.476)	85.50±10.82	3.44 (.001)
Present job career (year)	1~4	41 (13.7)	20.38±3.18	0.25 (.863)	80.78±15.83	2.31 (.076)
	5~9	13 (4.3)	22.53±6.25		79.85±5.83
	10~19	125 (41.8)	21.89±1.96		81.78±14.04
	≥20	120 (40.2)	20.14±1.84		85.56±11.39
		15.75±7.60
Employment status	Regular	296 (99.0)	34.54±20.87	1.47 (.142)	83.01±13.80	0.86 (.382)
Employment status	Temporary position	3 (1.0)	16.67±24.66	1.47 (.142)	90.00±10.00	0.86 (.382)
Status smoking	None	88 (29.4)	21.19±2.26	2.09 (.126)	84.84±13.38	1.15 (.320)
	Past smoking	80 (26.8)	32.47±20.25		82.94±12.19
	Smoking	131 (43.8)	37.14±21.02		81.98±14.87
Status drinking	None	76 (25.4)	32.27±24.05	1.01 (.315)	84.78±14.75	1.25 (.213)
Status drinking	Drinking	223 (74.6)	35.07±19.78	1.01 (.315)	82.50±13.40	1.25 (.213)
Above 30min average of exercise (time/wk)	None	116 (38.8)	38.51±19.45	2.76 (.006)	80.86±16.13	2.23 (.027)
Above 30min average of exercise (time/wk)	Yes	183 (61.2)	31.72±21.47	2.76 (.006)	84.48±11.87	2.23 (.027)
Sleeping time	<7h	183 (61.2)	33.72±21.91	0.51 (.602)	82.43±14.40	0.59 (.554)
	7h	100 (33.4)	34.78±19.19		84.29±12.70
	≥8h	16 (5.4)	39.06±20.65		82.94±13.07

Table 2

Job Stress and Job Embeddedness and Presenteeism of Subjects (N=299)

Variables	Sub-factor	Item	M±SD	Range (min~max)	Average M±SD	Remark
Job stress	Total	24	47.18±7.96	8~71	13.76±2.33	48.5
	Job demand	4	50.42±14.36	6~93	12.60±3.59	50.1
	Insufficient job control	4	47.82±16.62	0~87	11.95±4.15	50.1
	Interpersonal conflict	3	37.37±15.57	0~100	12.46±5.19	33.4
	Job insecurity	2	61.20±18.32	0~100	30.60±9.16	50.1
	Organizational system	4	51.15±15.96	0~100	12.79±3.99	50.1
	Lack of reward	3	45.88±14.62	0~100	15.29±4.87	50.1
	Occupational climate	4	36.41±15.12	0~87	9.10±3.78	41.7
Job embeddedness	Total	10	37.37±6.12	13~50	3.74±0.61
	Fit to organization	4	15.08±2.78	4~20	3.77±0.69
	Sacrifice to organization	3	11.32±1.96	3~15	3.77±0.65
	Link to organization	3	10.97±2.07	3~15	3.66±0.69
Presenteeism	Total	25
	Health problem	14
	Health problem A		3.37±2.91	0~14	3.37±2.91
	Relate of business B		2.59±2.79	0~14	2.59±2.79
	Work impairment	10	34.36±20.94	10~50	3.43±2.09
	Job performance	5	13.67±5.85	5~25	2.73±1.17
	Attention	5	10.78±3.78	5~25	2.01±.756
	Perceived productivity	1	83.08±13.77	20~100	83.08±13.77

Table 3

Current Health Problems and Presenteeism of Subjects (N=299)

Variables	Categories	Health problem of present status	Health problem by obstacle of work	Difference
Variables	Categories	n (%)	n (%)	Difference
Health problems	Hearing problem	51 (16.3)	44 (14.1)	2.2
	Skin problem	40 (12.8)	27 (8.6)	4.2
	Low back pain	88 (28.1)	72 (23.0)	5.1
	Muscle pain of upper extremities (shoulder, neck, arm, etc)	150 (47.9)	128 (40.9)	7.0
	Muscle pain of lower extremities (buttocks, legs, knee, foot etc)	107 (34.2)	89 (28.4)	5.8
	Headache, eye fatigue	172 (55.0)	145 (46.3)	8.7
	Abdominal pain	18 (5.8)	17 (5.4)	0.4
	Dyspnea	9 (2.9)	7 (2.2)	0.7
	Cardiovascular disorders	51 (16.3)	31 (9.9)	6.4
	Injury	32 (10.2)	25 (8.0)	2.2
	Depression, anxiety	16 (5.1)	14 (4.5)	0.6
	General fatigue	123 (39.3)	117 (37.4)	1.9
	Insomnia	84 (26.8)	76 (24.3)	2.5
	Etc	100 (31.9)	2 (0.6)	31.3
Do not have health problem		53 (17.7)	102 (34.1)	16.4
Total		257 (82.1)	205 (65.5)
M±SD (0-14)		3.37±2.91 (0~14)	2.58±2.78 (0~14)

Table 4

Correlation among Job Stress and Job Embeddedness and Presenteeism of Subjects (N=299)

Variables	Presenteeism
	Work impairment	Perceived of productivity
	r (p)	r (p)
Job stress:	.25 (<.001)	-.22 (<.001)
Job demand	.16 (.005)	-.02 (.778)
Insufficient job control	-.06 (.332)	-.07 (.210)
Interpersonal conflict	.15 (.011)	-.22 (<.001)
Job insecurity	.12 (.401)	-.03 (.630)
Organizational system	.22 (<.001)	-.27 (<.001)
Lack of reward	.13 (.027)	-.27 (<.001)
Occupational climate	.17 (.004)	-.13 (.027)
Job embeddedness:	-.20 (.001)	.38 (<.001)
Fit to organization	-.20 (<.001)	.41 (<.001)
Sacrifice to organization	-.17 (.004)	.33 (<.001)
Link to organization	-.16 (.007)	.26 (<.001)
Health problem of present status	.40 (<.001)	-.14 (<.014)
Health problem by obstacle of work	.34 (<.001)	-.20 (<.001)

Table 5

Logistic Regression of Factors Influencing Presenteeism of Subjects (N=299)

Dependent variables	Independent variables	b	SE	Wals	df	p	OR	95% Cl
Work impairment	Job stress (Low=0, High=1)	1.13	0.45	6.50	1	.011	3.11	1.30~7.44
Perceived productivity	Job embeddedness (High=0, Low=1)	0.84	0.25	11.57	1	.001	2.31	1.43~3.73

OR=odds ratio; Cl=confidence interval.

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