Health Promotion Behaviors of Rural Elderly Women Living Alone and Their Life Satisfaction

Ha Jeong Kim

doi:10.12799/jkachn.2016.27.3.254

Journal List > J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs > v.27(3) > 1058426

Go to TopGo to Top Go to BottomGo to Bottom

TOOLS

Kim: Health Promotion Behaviors of Rural Elderly Women Living Alone and Their Life Satisfaction

Original Article

Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing 2016; 27(3): 254-261.

Published online: 30 September 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2016.27.3.254

Health Promotion Behaviors of Rural Elderly Women Living Alone and Their Life Satisfaction

Ha Jeong Kim

Korean Nurse Association, Community Health Practitioner Association, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author: Kim, Ha Jeong. Korean Nurse Association, Community Health Practitioner Association, 26 Gongwon-ro, 6ga-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul 08296, Korea. Tel: +82-2-2266-7677, Fax: +82-2-2265-5688, thelotus14@naver.com

Received 29 April 2016 Revised 18 August 2016 Accepted 7 September 2016

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study was conducted to investigate the correlation between degrees of health promotion behaviors and life satisfaction and effects of health promotion behaviors on life satisfaction in rural elderly women living alone.

Methods

A descriptive correlation study was conducted with 189 rural elderly women living alone aged 65 or older in four senior counties in Jeollanam-do. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression.

Results

The subjects' health promotion behaviors and life satisfaction were significantly positive. Among the factors influencing the subjects' life satisfaction, nutrition and diet showed the greatest positive effects, followed by exercise and activity, and drinking and smoking. Among them, drinking and smoking had significantly negative influence.

Conclusion

Among the health promotion behaviors that influenced life satisfaction, nutrition and diet, exercise and activity, and drinking and smoking were most significant factors. Therefore, this study provided basic data for improving the life satisfaction among rural elderly women living alone.

Keywords: Health promotion, Quality of life, Rural population, Women, Elderly

Figures and Tables

Table 1

General Characteristics of Participants (N=189)

Characteristics		Categories	n (%)
Age (year)		65~74	88 (46.6)
Age (year)		≥75	101 (53.4)
Education		No education	90 (47.6)
		Elementary school	70 (37)
		≥Middle school	29 (15.3)
Religion (n=187)		No religion	50 (26.7)
		Buddhist	69 (36.9)
		Christian	56 (29.9)
		Catholic	12 (6.4)
Marriage		Other (not bereaved)	177 (93.7)
Marriage		Bereaved	12 (6.3)
Number of children	Son	1 or none	31 (16.4)
		2	79 (41.8)
		3	52 (27.5)
		4 or more	27 (14.3)
	Daughter	1 or none	58 (30.7)
		2	55 (29.1)
		3	43 (22.8)
		4 or more	33 (17.5)
Monthly allowance (10,000 won)		＜20	30 (15.9)
		21~40	84 (44.4)
		41~60	53 (28.0)
		≥61	22 (11.6)
Economic situation		Rich	27 (14.3)
		Average	89 (47.1)
		Poor	73 (38.6)
Regular Exercise		Yes	134 (70.9)
Regular Exercise		No	55 (29.1)
Health		Healthy	38 (20.1)
		Average	78 (41.3)
		Unhealthy	73 (38.6)
Drinking		None	106 (56.1)
Drinking		Experience	83 (43.9)
Smoking		No	183 (96.8)
Smoking		Experience	6 (3.2)

Table 2

Health Promotion Behavior and Life Satisfaction (N=189)

Variables	M±SD
Health promotion behavior	76.58±11.22
Medical examination and consultation	2.57±0.47
Nutrition and diet	2.41±0.44
Daily life management	2.51±0.40
Exercise and activity	2.36±0.69
Drinking and smoking	2.83±0.38
Stress management	2.25±0.50
Average	2.47±0.36
Life satisfaction	48.66±7.88
Average	2.43±0.39

Table 3

Health Promotion Behavior and Life Satisfaction according to the General Characteristics of Participants (N=189)

Characteristics		Category	Health promotion behavior		Life satisfaction
Characteristics		Category	M±SD	t or F (p)	M±SD	t or F (p)
Age (year)		65~74	2.52±0.34	1.79 (.074)	2.47±0.35	1.31 (.191)
Age (year)		≥75	2.43±0.38	1.79 (.074)	2.40±0.43	1.31 (.191)
Education		No education^a	2.34±0.39	12.13 (<.001) a<b, c^†	2.38±0.41	1.89 (.153)
Education		Elementary school^b	2.57±0.29		2.50±0.40
		≥Middle school^c	2.63±0.29		2.45±0.31
Religion (N=187)		No religion^a	2.39±0.36	6.18 (.001) a, b<c^†	2.36±0.39	2.97 (.033)
		Buddhist^b	2.39±0.35		2.37±0.38
		Christian^c	2.62±0.34		2.56±0.40
		Catholic^d	2.57±0.27		2.41±0.34
Marriage		Other (not bereaved)	2.41±0.29	-0.55 (.580)	2.23±0.32	-1.86 (.064)
Marriage		Bereaved	2.47±0.37	-0.55 (.580)	2.45±0.40	-1.86 (.064)
Number of children	Son	1 or none	2.57±0.34	1.52 (.209)	2.43±0.40	.02 (.994)
		2	2.48±0.37		2.44±0.41
		3	2.41±0.35		2.42±0.43
		4 or more	2.42±0.36		2.44±0.29
	Daughter	1 or none	2.53±0.31	0.84 (.471)	2.50±0.38	1.21 (.307)
		2	2.46±0.37		2.44±0.39
		3	2.45±0.36		2.42±0.39
		4 or more	2.41±0.43		2.33±0.42
Monthly allowance (10,000 won)		<20^a	2.40±0.37	5.09 (.002) a, b<d^†	2.34±0.48	2.10 (.101)
		21~40^b	2.39±0.36		2.39±0.37
		41~60^c	2.55±0.36		2.49±0.40
		≥61^d	2.67±0.27		2.56±0.32
Economic situation		Rich^a	2.60±0.36	1.93 (.147)	2.54±0.30	3.88 (.022) a＞b^†
		Average^b	2.45±0.32		2.35±0.36
		Poor^c	2.44±0.41		2.49±0.44
Regular exercise		Yes	2.59±0.31	8.55 (<.001)	2.54±0.37	7.42 (<.001)
Regular exercise		No	2.17±0.29	8.55 (<.001)	2.16±0.30	7.42 (<.001)
Health		Healthy^a	2.64±0.28	11.31 (<.001) a, b＞c^†	2.53±0.34	7.41 (.001) a, b＞c^†
		Average^b	2.51±0.37		2.51±0.41
		Unhealthy^c	2.33±0.35		2.30±0.37
Drinking		None	2.60±0.33	5.84 (<.001)	2.56±0.38	5.20 (<.001)
Drinking		Experience	2.31±0.34	5.84 (<.001)	2.28±0.36	5.20 (<.001)
Smoking		No	2.48±0.36	1.35 (.178)	2.44±0.40	1.74 (.082)
Smoking		Experience	2.27±0.33	1.35 (.178)	2.16±0.21	1.74 (.082)

^†Scheffé test.

Table 4

Correlation between Health Promotion Behaviors and Life Satisfaction (N=189)

Variables	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. Health promotion behaviors	1	.73	.88	.80	.81	.50	.72
2. Medical examination & counseling		1
3. Nutrition & diet		.61	1
4. Daily life management		.46	.71	1
5. Exercise & activities		.60	.65	.51	1
6. Drinking & smoking		.25	.36	.33	.29	1
7. Stress management		.53	.46	.47	.53	.29	1
8. Life satisfaction	.59	.43	.59	.44	.61	.03	.40	1

Table 5

Effects of Health Promotion Behaviors on Life Satisfaction (N=189)

Variables	B	S	β	t	p
(Constant)	1.67	.18		8.88	<.001
Medical examination & counseling	-0.03	.06	-.04	-0.57	.564
Nutrition & diet	0.37	.08	.42	4.66	<.001
Daily life management	0.00	.07	.00	0.05	.954
Exercise & activities	0.21	.04	.37	4.97	<.001
Drinking & smoking	-0.26	.06	-.25	-4.37	<.001
Stress management	0.07	.05	.09	1.46	.144
	R²=.49, Adj. R²=.48, F=30.10, p<.001

Notes

This article is based on a part of the first author's master's thesis from Ewha womans University.

References

1. Statistics Korea. 2015 elderly statistics [Internet]. Seoul: Statistics Korea;2015. cited 2015 October 1. Available from: http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/2/1/index.-board?bmode=read&aSeq=348565.

2. Ministry of Health and Welfare. 2014 on survey of the elderly [Internet]. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare;2014. cited 2015 June 10. Available from: http://www.mohw.go.kr/front_new/jb/sjb030301vw.jsp?PAR_MENU_ID=03&MENU_ID=0328&CONT_SEQ=318518&page=1.

3. Hwang JY. The image of elderly women living alone in rural area: Work, leasure, family relation and body. Korean reg communi res assoc. 2012; 16(2):141–168.

4. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. 2013 survey on the Korean women farmers [Internet]. Seoul: Munwonsa;2014. cited 2015 June 10. Available from: http://www.mafra.go.kr:8080/new_woman/bbs/detail.php?board_id=bbs8&content_uid=670.

5. Park SM, Han MA, Park J, Lee MJ, Moon KR, Choi SS. Association between health-related quality of life and complementary and alternative medicine among elderly living alone. J Korean Gerontol Soc. 2014; 34(4):691–704.

6. Bae JH. Effect of residential factors on life satisfaction among rural elders. J Community Welf. 2012; 42:1–25. DOI: 10.15300/jcw.2012.09.42.1.

7. Jeong MH. Associations between family and social relation and health-related quality of life among elderly women living alone [dissertation]. Gwangju: Chosun University;2014. 36.

8. Choi HS, Ha JC. A study on the relations between the quality of life and the life satisfaction of the elderly. J Korean Data Inf Sci Soc. 2012; 23(3):559–568.

9. Kim MS, Ko JW. The effect of the elderly`s leasure activity on their health and the mediating role of family support. J Welf Aged. 2013; 60:35–54.

10. Kang HJ. Social activity and satisfaction of life in female elders living alone in rural area. Korean J Soc Welf Res. 2009; 21:1–26.

11. Lim YJ, Choi YS. Dietary behaviors and seasonal diversity of food intakes of elderly women living alone as compared to those living with family in Gyeongbuk rural area. Korean J Community Nutr. 2008; 13(5):620–629.

12. Yi ES. The mediative effect of social support, self-esteem and depression in relationship between the health calisthenics participation and health promoting lifestyle for elderly women living alone in the rural area. J Sport Leis Stud. 2009; 38(1):683–697.

13. Kim HJ. Rural elderly women living alone health promotion behaviors and life satisfaction [master's thesis]. Seoul: Ewha Womans University;2016. 58.

14. Walker SN, Sechrist KR, Pender NJ. The health-promoting lifestyle profile: Development and psychometric characteristics. Nurs Res. 1987; 36(2):76–81. DOI: 10.1097/00006199-198703000-00002.

15. Seo IS. Health knowledge level and health - promoting behavior of the elderly. J Korean Gerontol Soc. 2000; 20(2):1–28.

16. Choi SJ. A study on the development of measuring scale of he concept of life satisfaction. J Korean Cult Inst. 1986; 49:233–258.

17. Shin HS. A study on the perceived health status, health promoting behaviors and life satisfaction in the community living elderly [master's thesis]. Jeonju: Chonbuk National University;2007. 54.

18. Kim YE. Social activities, depression and life satisfaction in the community elderly[master's thesis]. Seoul: Ewha Womans University;2014. 62.

19. Lee CI, Hong GJ, Lee WU. The effects of participating senior exercise program on successful aging - focusing on the mediating effect of lifestyle changes. Korea Care Manag Res. 2014; 13:47–67.

20. Chung SD, Lee SH. Change in life satisfaction of Korean elderly: Comparisons of 1994, 2004, 2008 national survey results on the elderly life conditions and welfare need. J Korean Gerontol Soc. 2011; 31(4):1229:1246.

21. Kim HR. Comparison of prevalence for osteoarthritis and its risk factors between age 60-74 and 75 and over. J Korean Biol Nurs Sci. 2013; 15(4):219–229. DOI: 10.7586/jkbns.2013.15.4.219.

22. Choi YH, Kim YH. The study on health promoting lifestyle of the elderly. J Korean Soc Health Educ Promot. 2001; 18(3):103–115.

23. Lee JY, Yoon SN. A comparative study on health promotion behaviors and affecting factors of aged women in urban and rural area. J Korean Community Nurs. 2005; 16(1):13–22.

24. Choi YH. Health-promoting behavior and quality of life of solitary elderly in rural areas. J Korean Soc Health Educ Promot. 2004; 21(2):87–100.

25. Patil R, Uusi-Rasi K, Kannus P, Karinkanta S, Sievänen H. Concern about falling in older women with a history of falls: Associations with health, functional ability, physical activity and quality of life. Gerontology. 2014; 60(1):22–30. DOI: 10.1159/000354335.

26. Morishita M, Kawasaki R, Nakao R, Hanzawa S. The correlation of the QOL of the elderly women aged 75 years and older living alone with their length of residence, their lifestyles and their health. Nagasaki University's Academic. 2007; 19(2):31–41.

27. Lee HS. The factors influencing health-related quality of life in the elderly - focused on the general characteristics, health habits, mental health, chronic diseases, and nutrient intake status: data from the fifth Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES V), 2010~2012. Korean J Community Nutr. 2014; 19(5):479–489. DOI: 10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.5.479.

28. Park W. Study on the effect of daily activities on the life satisfaction of the elderly with disability in rural community [master's thesis]. Suncheon: Suncheon National University;2015. 84.

29. Choe JS, Kwon SO, Paik HY. Health-related quality of life by socioeconomic factors and health-related behaviors of the elderly in rural area. J Agric Med Community Health. 2004; 29(1):29–41.

TOOLS

Similar articles