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Kang and Han: The Relationship among Family Support, Self-efficacy, Health Literacy, Perceived Health Status and Health-promoting Behavior in Married Immigrant Women
Original Article

Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing 2016; 27(3): 202-212.

Published online: 7 October 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2016.27.3.202

The Relationship among Family Support, Self-efficacy, Health Literacy, Perceived Health Status and Health-promoting Behavior in Married Immigrant Women

Cho-hee Kang1, Young Ran Han2

1Dongguk University Medical Center, Gyeongju, Korea.

2Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Korea.

Corresponding author: Han, Young Ran. Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju 38066, Korea. Tel: +82-54-770-2625, Fax: +82-54-770-2616, hanyr@dongguk.ac.kr

Received 28 April 2016       Revised 14 July 2016       Accepted 18 July 2016

© 2016 Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the association of family support, self-efficacy, health literacy and perceived health status with health-promoting behavior (HPB) in married immigrant women.

Methods

A cross-sectional based survey was conducted to collect data from married immigrant women living in Gyeongsang province. Questionnaires included Health promoting lifestyle profile II, General self-efficacy scale, Korean Health literacy assessment and perceived health status.

Results

157 subjects participated in the study (mean age, 30.47±6.83). Their duration of living in Korea was 63.05±50.11 months. Of the participants, 59.2% were Vietnamese. The level of HPB, perceived health status, health literacy, support of family and self-efficacy were 2.58±0.42, 3.39±0.86, 25.12± 20.99, 3.83±0.70 and 3.61±0.53 respectively. Factors affecting the HPB of the participants were support from family (β =.45, p<.001) and self-efficacy (β=.16, p<.05). The explanatory power of these two variables was 34.2%.

Conclusion

This study suggests that the factors influencing the HPB of married immigrant women include support from family and self-efficacy. A variety of programs should be provided for families so that they can support those women to help them increase their HPB. It is recommended that more various programs be provided to increase their self-efficacy.

Keywords: Emigrants and immigrants, Women, Health promotion, Family, Self efficacy

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Difference of Health-Promoting Behavior between Sociodemographic and Married Immigrant Characteristics (N=157)

jkachn-27-202-i001
Characteristics Categories n (%) Health promoting behavior Subscales
Health responsibility Physical activity Nutrition Spiritual growth Interpersonal relations Stress management
M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p)
Age (year) ≤29 81 (51.6) 2.63±0.43 1.18
(.311)		 2.30±0.51 0.09
(.917)		 2.41±0.47 0.47
(.627)		 2.50±0.53 2.13
(.123)		 2.88±0.54 1.73
(.180)		 2.84±0.50 0.61
(.544)		 2.90±0.52 2.13
(.123)
30~39 58 (36.9) 2.52±0.43 2.27±0.51 2.36±0.44 2.33±0.56 2.71±0.51 2.75±0.50 2.72±0.49
≥40 18 (11.5) 2.57±0.41 2.32±0.59 2.48±0.48 2.31±0.41 2.81±0.53 2.75±0.41 2.79±0.51
Experience pregnancy Yes 116 (73.9) 2.56±0.41 -1.07
(.288)		 2.27±0.50 -0.89
(.376)		 2.37±0.43 -1.29
(.203)		 2.40±0.50 -0.70
(.487)		 2.78±0.51 -1.17
(.245)		 2.80±0.48 0.18
(.861)		 2.78±0.51 -1.50
(.137)
No 41 (26.1) 2.64±0.47 2.35±0.55 2.49±0.52 2.47±0.61 2.89±0.59 2.78±0.53 2.92±0.51
Number of children 0 49 (31.2) 2.61±0.47 0.58
(.632)		 2.32±0.54 1.17
(.323)		 2.46±0.52 1.23
(.302)		 2.44±0.59 0.23
(.874)		 2.86±0.57 0.37
(.776)		 2.75±0.51 0.62
(.602)		 2.87±0.53 .27
(.845)
1 54 (34.4) 2.60±0.37 2.30±0.45 2.41±0.42 2.43±0.44 2.81±0.51 2.85±0.42 2.81±0.47
2 45 (28.7) 2.52±0.44 2.20±0.50 2.30±0.41 2.37±0.55 2.74±0.54 2.75±0.55 2.78±0.56
≥3 9 (5.7) 2.68±0.51 2.53±0.73 2.51±0.51 2.49±0.67 2.85±0.46 2.90±0.45 2.81±0.52
Cohabitant Nuclear family 106 (67.5) 2.61±0.43 1.01
(.312)		 2.32±0.50 1.05
(.296)		 2.44±0.45 1.63
(.105)		 2.42±0.56 0.15
(.878)		 2.84±0.54 1.02
(.309)		 2.81±0.50 0.45
(.650)		 2.85±0.52 1.03
(.304)
Extended family 51 (32.5) 2.53±0.41 2.23±0.54 2.32±0.46 2.41±0.48 2.75±0.51 2.77±0.48 2.76±0.51
Occupation Yes 24 (15.3) 2.42±0.42 -2.06
(.041)		 2.23±0.45 -0.61
(.541)		 2.29±0.43 -1.34
(.181)		 2.29±0.50 -1.30
(.195)		 2.53±0.53 -2.89
(.004)		 2.63±0.58 -1.81
(.073)		 2.57±0.54 -2.61
(.010)
No 133 (84.7) 2.61±0.42 2.30±0.53 2.42±0.46 2.44±0.54 2.86±0.52 2.82±0.47 2.87±0.50
Education ≤Elementary school 13 (8.3) 2.45±0.51 0.69
(.562)		 2.25±0.54 0.63
(.596)		 2.16±0.36 2.28
(.082)		 2.50±0.65 0.32
(.808)		 2.62±0.69 0.96
(.412)		 2.59±0.52 0.98
(.405)		 2.61±0.62 0.90
(.442)
Middle school 55 (35.0) 2.56±0.40 2.23±0.48 2.36±0.44 2.40±0.50 2.79±0.51 2.80±0.47 2.83±0.48
High school 63 (40.1) 2.60±0.40 2.32±0.50 2.43±0.44 2.44±0.48 2.81±0.50 2.80±0.48 2.83±0.53
≥College 26 (16.6) 2.65±0.50 2.38±0.62 2.54±0.52 2.34±0.65 2.92±0.56 2.87±0.55 2.88±0.49
Education of husband ≤Elementary school 4 (2.5) 2.29±0.43 1.02
(.386)		 2.08±0.40 0.36
(.784)		 2.09±0.45 1.62
(.188)		 2.17±0.56 0.42
(.736)		 2.34±0.61 1.91
(.131)		 2.44±0.35 0.91
(.436)		 2.66±0.64 1.31
(.272)
Middle school 20 (12.7) 2.53±0.43 2.34±0.47 2.32±0.45 2.44±0.46 2.68±0.64 2.78±0.50 2.63±0.48
High school 87 (55.4) 2.58±0.44 2.27±0.52 2.38±0.46 2.40±0.57 2.81±0.54 2.78±0.50 2.85±0.52
≥College 46 (29.3) 2.64±0.40 2.32±0.53 2.50±0.44 2.46±0.49 2.90±0.43 2.85±0.47 2.86±0.50
Perceived socio economic status Low 11 (7.0) 2.43±0.39 0.72
(.542)		 2.16±0.44 0.86
(.463)		 2.28±0.40 1.05
(.373)		 2.14±0.52 1.08
(.361)		 2.74±0.44 0.22
(.886)		 2.64±0.52 0.62
(.601)		 2.69±0.47 0.41
(.745)
Middle 111 (70.7) 2.59±0.42 2.29±0.51 2.38±0.43 2.44±0.50 2.83±0.53 2.80±0.49 2.83±0.51
High 29 (18.5) 2.63±0.48 2.39±0.58 2.53±0.54 2.44±0.61 2.79±0.59 2.84±0.51 2.85±0.58
Don't know 6 (3.8) 2.47±0.43 2.09±0.52 2.35±0.53 2.39±0.69 2.69±0.38 2.67±0.38 2.69±0.44
Duration in South Korea (year) <5a 89 (56.7) 2.66±0.38 3.43
(.035)
b<a		 2.35±0.49 2.34
(.100)		 2.49±0.42 5.71
(.004)
b<a		 2.46±0.49 0.79
(.457)		 2.91±0.47 3.77
(.025)
c<a		 2.87±0.44 2.32
(.101)		 2.92±0.48 3.85
(.023)
b<a
5~10b 47 (29.9) 2.47±0.50 2.16±0.56 2.22±0.48 2.39±0.63 2.70±0.62 2.69±0.58 2.69±0.57
>10c 21 (13.4) 2.52±0.38 2.34±0.47 2.41±0.44 2.31±0.45 2.64±0.47 2.71±0.45 2.71±0.46
Native country Chinaa 35 (22.3) 2.50±0.41 0.78
(.506)		 2.24±0.54 0.55
(.651)		 2.42±0.45 1.31
(.378)		 2.22±0.47 4.01
(.009)
a, b<c		 2.78±0.47 0.58
(.629)		 2.68±0.40 1.29
(.279)		 2.73±0.47 1.67
(.177)
The Philippinesb 19 (12.1) 2.62±0.44 2.42±0.54 2.56±0.50 2.24±0.55 2.82±0.54 2.82±0.54 2.91±0.46
Vietnamc 93 (59.2) 2.62±0.44 2.28±0.51 2.36±0.46 2.53±0.53 2.84±0.57 2.85±0.51 2.86±0.54
Othersd 10 (6.4) 2.49±0.29 2.36±0.44 2.41±0.35 2.36±0.47 2.61±0.34 2.67±0.42 2.56±0.43
Subjective Korean ability Speaking >Average 17 (10.8) 2.56±0.32 0.22
(.805)		 2.31±0.39 0.03
(.966)		 2.36±0.31 0.69
(.501)		 2.43±0.49 0.01
(.991)		 2.79±0.40 0.34
(.713)		 2.65±0.39 0.88
(.415)		 2.83±0.49 0.25
(.781)
Average 104 (66.2) 2.57±0.44 2.28±0.51 2.38±0.47 2.42±0.55 2.79±0.55 2.80±0.50 2.80±0.52
<Average 36 (22.9) 2.62±0.43 2.31±0.58 2.48±0.48 2.41±0.52 2.87±0.53 2.84±0.50 2.87±0.52
Listening >Average 18 (11.5) 2.60±0.32 0.63
(.532)		 2.29±0.41 0.74
(.478)		 2.40±0.39 1.82
(.166)		 2.46±0.45 0.19
(.829)		 2.88±0.47 0.56
(.572)		 2.76±0.37 0.13
(.883)		 2.84±0.53 0.49
(.612)
Average 109 (69.4) 2.56±0.44 2.26±0.51 2.36±0.46 2.40±0.55 2.78±0.54 2.79±0.50 2.80±0.52
<Average 30 (19.1) 2.66±0.45 2.39±0.60 2.54±0.48 2.45±0.53 2.88±0.55 2.83±0.53 2.90±0.49
Reading >Average 22 (14.0) 2.61±0.30 0.93
(.395)		 2.31±0.38 0.78
(.458)		 2.43±0.36 0.47
(.625)		 2.45±0.44 0.88
(.417)		 2.89±0.43 0.42
(.658)		 2.78±0.34 1.14
(.322)		 2.82±0.51 0.72
(.490)
Average 109 (69.4) 2.60±0.44 2.31±0.52 2.42±0.48 2.44±0.54 2.81±0.56 2.83±0.51 2.85±0.52
<Average 26 (16.6) 2.48±0.45 2.18±0.61 2.32±0.45 2.29±0.57 2.75±0.48 2.67±0.52 2.71±0.50
Writing >Average 18 (11.5) 2.56±0.33 0.07
(.930)		 2.25±0.43 0.09
(.916)		 2.36±0.37 0.15
(.860)		 2.41±0.49 0.20
(.821)		 2.85±0.37 0.09
(.918)		 2.72±0.34 0.55
(.579)		 2.77±0.47 0.10
(.908)
Average 104 (66.2) 2.59±0.44 2.30±0.49 2.40±0.47 2.43±0.55 2.80±0.56 2.82±0.51 2.83±0.53
<Average 35 (22.3) 2.57±0.44 2.28±0.62 2.43±0.47 2.37±0.51 2.81±0.53 2.75±0.50 2.83±0.49
Table 2

Level of Health Promoting Behavior, Family Support, Self-efficacy, Health Literacy and Perceived Health Status (N=157)

jkachn-27-202-i002
Variables (Min.~Max.) M±SD
Health promoting behavior
 Total (1~4) 2.58±0.43
Sub category
 Health Responsibility (HR) 2.29±0.52
 Physical Activity (PA) 2.40±0.46
 Nutrition (NT) 2.42±0.53
 Spiritual Growth (SG) 2.81±0.53
 Interpersonal Relations (IR) 2.79±0.49
 Stress Management (SM) 2.82±0.52
Family support (FS) 3.83±0.70
Self-efficacy (SE, 1~5) 3.61±0.53
Health literacy (HL, 0~66) 25.12±20.99
Perceived health status (PHS, 1~5) 3.39±0.86
Table 3

Correlations of related Variables with Health-promoting Behavior (N=157)

jkachn-27-202-i003
Variables HPB subscales FS SE HL PHS
HR PA NT SG IR SM
Health-promoting behavior (HPB) 1
Sub-scales Health responsibility (HR) .83** 1
Physical activity (PA) .86** .81** 1
Nutrition (NT) .83** .66** .58** 1
Spiritual growth (SG) .85** .56** .65** .65** 1
Interpersonal relations (IR) .85** .60** .64** .66** .67** 1
Stress management (SM) .85** .57** .71** .59** .77** .71** 1
Family support (FS) .56** .39** .51** .37** .50** .51** .59** 1
Self-efficacy (SE) .41** .37** .41** .25** .39** .30** .39** .48** 1
Health literacy (HL) .12 .12 .08 .03 .11 .18* .10 .15 .20* 1
Perceived health status (PHS) .03 .02 .08 -.05 -.01 .00 .12 .04 .14 -.20* 1

*p<.05, **p<.001.

Table 4

Factors Influencing Health Promoting Behavior of Participants (N=157)

jkachn-27-202-i004
Variable B SE β t p
Support of family .29 .05 .47 6.34 <.001
Self-efficacy .15 .06 .18 2.45 .015
Adj. R2=.33, R2=.34, F=39.98, p<.001

Dummy variable (d) : Occupation - Yes (1), No (0).

Notes

This article is article based on a part of the 1st author's master's thesis from University.

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