The Effect of Social Capital on Health-related Quality of Life of Residents in Integrated Changwon City: Using the Data of the 2013 Community Health Survey

Bo-hyun Park; Younjae Oh

doi:10.12799/jkachn.2015.26.4.342

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Park and Oh: The Effect of Social Capital on Health-related Quality of Life of Residents in Integrated Changwon City: Using the Data of the 2013 Community Health Survey

Original Article

Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing 2015; 26(4): 342-354.

Published online: 31 December 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2015.26.4.342

The Effect of Social Capital on Health-related Quality of Life of Residents in Integrated Changwon City: Using the Data of the 2013 Community Health Survey

Bo-hyun Park¹, Younjae Oh²

¹Department of Nursing, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea.

²Division of Nursing, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea.

Corresponding author: Oh, Younjae. Division of Nursing, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Korea. Tel: +82-33-248-2716, Fax: +82-33-248-2710, hoppman@hanmail.net / okim1108@hallym.ac.kr

Received 20 July 2015 Revised 21 September 2015 Accepted 15 December 2015

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine social capital and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of residents who were living in the three regions(Masan, Jinhae, and Changwon) of integrated Changwon and to analyze the effect of social capital on HRQoL.

Methods

This study used the Masan, Jinhae and Changwon data of the 2013 Community Health Survey. The social capital questionnaire consisted of three subdomains (trust, participation, and network). HRQoL was measured with the Korean-version EQ-5D. The effect of social capital on HRQoL was analyzed using multiple regression with controlling for general characteristics and health behavior.

Results

The trust level of Masan citizen was highest among the three regions. Jinhae citizen showed the highest level of participation and network out of the three regions. Trust was not a significant influencing factor in any of the three models. Participation was a significant influencing factor in all of the three models. Network was a significant influencing factor only in the Masan model.

Conclusion

Participation was the most important factor for health among the three social capital subdomains. Strategies for encouraging social participation are needed for health promotion for the residents of integrated Changwon.

Keywords: Capital, Social, Social determinants of health, Health status, Quality of life

Figures and Tables

Table 1

General Characteristics, Health Behavior of Residents in Integrated Changwon

Variables	Characteristics	Categories	Masan	Jinhae	Changwon	x² (p)
Variables	Characteristics	Categories	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	x² (p)
General characteristics	Age (year)	<30	126 (13.65)	109 (12.03)	163 (17.60)	77.67 (<.001)
		30~39	160 (17.33)	211 (23.29)	131 (14.15)
		40~49	187 (20.26)	187 (20.64)	238 (25.70)
		50~59	201 (21.78)	190 (20.97)	251 (27.11)
		≥60	249 (26.98)	209 (23.07)	143 (15.44)
		M±SD	49.1±16.62^a	47.8±15.83^b	45.9±14.90^c	9.41 (<.001) a, b>c
	Gender	Male	410 (44.42)	417 (46.03)	422 (45.58)	0.51 (.776)
	Gender	Female	513 (55.58)	489 (53.97)	504 (54.43)	0.51 (.776)
	Resident area^†	Dong	716 (77.60)	906 (100.00)	868 (93.74)	98.36 (<.001)
	Resident area^†	Eup, Myeon	207 (22.40)		58 (6.26)	98.36 (<.001)
	Education	≤Middle school	258 (27.95)	194 (21.41)	159 (17.17)	46.46 (<.001)
		High school	318 (34.45)	343 (37.86)	360 (38.88)
		College (2~3 yr)	120 (13.00)	169 (18.65)	137 (14.79)
		University (4 yr)	227 (24.59)	200 (22.08)	270 (29.16)
	Household income per a family member (10,000 won)	1st quintile	227 (24.59)	202 (22.30)	168 (18.18)	17.20 (.028)
		2nd quintile	167 (18.09)	166 (18.32)	182 (19.70)
		3rd quintile	176 (19.07)	193 (21.30)	180 (19.48)
		4th quintile	168 (18.20)	184 (20.31)	210 (22.73)
		5th quintile	185 (20.04)	161 (17.77)	184 (19.91)
		M±SD	1,361.50±823.91	1,420.57±992.39	1,450.04±829.91	2.40 (.091)
	Resident duration	More than 20 yr	774 (83.86)	600 (66.30)	679 (73.41)	75.30 (<.001)
	Resident duration	Less than 20 yr	149 (16.14)	305 (33.70)	246 (26.59)	75.30 (<.001)
	Employment	Employer	124 (13.43)	130 (14.35)	123 (13.28)	20.43 (<.001)
		Employee	382 (41.39)	451 (49.78)	455 (49.14)
		No job or student	417 (45.18)	325 (35.87)	348 (37.58)
	Health problem	presence	107 (11.59)	108 (11.92)	84 (9.07)	4.63 (.099)
	Health problem	none	816 (88.41)	798 (88.08)	842 (90.93)	4.63 (.099)
Health behavior	Smoking	Yes	204 (22.10)	196 (21.63)	163 (17.60)	6.95 (.031)
	Smoking	No	719 (77.90)	710 (78.37)	763 (82.40)	6.95 (.031)
	High risk drinking	Yes	274 (29.70)	315 (34.77)	281 (30.35)	6.45 (.040)
	High risk drinking	No	649 (70.30)	591 (65.23)	645 (69.65)	6.45 (.040)
	Moderate intensity exercise	Yes	196 (21.24)	223 (24.61)	242 (26.13)	6.37 (.041)
	Moderate intensity exercise	No	727 (78.76)	683 (75.39)	684 (73.87)	6.37 (.041)
Total			923 (100.00)	906 (100.00)	926 (100.00)

^†Excluding Jinhae from χ² test.

Table 2

Social Capital according to General Characteristics and Health Behavior of Residents in Integrated Changwon

Variables	Characteristics	Categories	Trust
			Masan		Jinhae		Changwon
			n (%)	x² (p)	n (%)	x² (p)	n (%)	x² (p)
General characteristics	Age (year)	≤30	76 (60.32)	32.56 (<.001)	42 (38.53)	55.53 (<.001)	84 (51.53)	49.12 (<.001)
		30~39	101 (63.13)		97 (45.97)		75 (57.25)
		40~49	132 (70.59)		88 (47.06)		156 (65.55)
		50~59	146 (72.64)		124 (65.26)		183 (72.91)
		≥60	209 (83.94)		150 (71.77)		122 (85.31)
	Gender	Male	299 (72.92)	0.36 (.551)	231 (55.39)	0.01 (.956)	282 (66.82)	0.01 (.939)
	Gender	Female	365 (71.15)	0.36 (.551)	270 (55.21)	0.01 (.956)	338 (67.06)	0.01 (.939)
	Resident area	Dong	533 (74.44)	9.901 (.002)	501 (55.30)	-	579 (66.71)	.39 (.532)
	Resident area	Eup, Myeon	131 (63.29)	9.901 (.002)		-	41 (70.69)	.39 (.532)
	Education	≤Middle school	204 (79.07)	16.97 (.001)	137 (70.62)	25.44 (<.001)	129 (81.13)	33.78 (<.001)
		High school	217 (68.24)		183 (53.35)		250 (69.44)
		College (2~3 yr)	73 (60.83)		79 (46.75)		69 (50.36)
		University (4 yr)	170 (74.89)		102 (51.00)		172 (63.70)
	House hold income per a family member	1th quintile	170 (74.89)	4.26 (.371)	111 (54.95)	4.01 (.404)	127 (75.60)	7.83 (.098)
		2nd quintile	114 (68.26)		98 (59.04)		121 (66.48)
		3rd quintile	120 (68.18)		104 (53.89)		112 (62.22)
		4th quintile	121 (72.02)		108 (58.70)		137 (65.24)
		5th quintile	139 (75.14)		80 (49.69)		122 (66.30)
	Resident duration	More than 20 yr	570 (73.64)	6.90 (.009)	365 (60.83)	22.46 (<.001)	479 (70.54)	14.30 (<.001)
	Resident duration	Less than 20 yr	94 (63.09)	6.90 (.009)	135 (44.26)	22.46 (<.001)	141 (57.32)	14.30 (<.001)
	Employment status	Employer	89 (71.77)	6.29 (.043)	83 (63.85)	4.49 (.106)	82 (66.67)	9.03 (.011)
		Employee	259 (67.80)		243 (53.88)		285 (62.64)
		No job or student	316 (75.78)		175 (53.85)		253 (72.70)
	Health problem	Presence	72 (67.29)	1.30 (.255)	65 (60.19)	1.19 (.276)	53 (63.10)	0.62 (.430)
	Health problem	None	592 (72.55)	1.30 (.255)	436 (54.64)	1.19 (.276)	567 (67.34)	0.62 (.430)
Health behavior	Smoking	Yes	143 (70.10)	0.44 (.507)	90 (45.92)	8.90 (.003)	103 (63.19)	1.27 (.260)
	Smoking	No	521 (72.46)	0.44 (.507)	411 (57.89)	8.90 (.003)	517 (67.76)	1.27 (.260)
	High risk drinking	Yes	173 (63.14)	14.95 (<.001)	153 (48.57)	8.84 (.003)	173 (61.57)	5.30 (.021)
	High risk drinking	No	491 (75.65)	14.95 (<.001)	348 (58.88)	8.84 (.003)	447 (69.30)	5.30 (.021)
	Moderate intensity exercise	Yes	137 (69.90)	0.51 (.474)	119 (53.36)	0.45 (.503)	167 (69.01)	0.62 (.429)
	Moderate intensity exercise	No	527 (72.49)	0.51 (.474)	382 (55.93)	0.45 (.503)	453 (66.23)	0.62 (.429)
Total			664 (71.94)		501 (55.30)		620 (66.95)

Variables	Characteristics	Categories	Social participation
			Masan		Jinhae		Changwon
			n (%)	x² (p)	n (%)	x² (p)	n (%)	x² (p)
General characteristics	Age (year)	≤30	76 (60.32)	36.27 (<.001)	68 (62.39)	50.92 (<.001)	86 (52.76)	53.49 (<.001)
		30~39	119 (74.38)		152 (72.04)		94 (71.76)
		40~49	158 (84.49)		163 (87.17)		191 (80.25)
		50~59	170 (84.58)		174 (91.58)		208 (82.87)
		≥60	176 (70.68)		165 (78.95)		105 (73.43)
	Gender	Male	326 (79.51)	5.74 (.017)	340 (81.53)	1.62 (.203)	313 (74.17)	0.04 (.847)
	Gender	Female	373 (72.71)	5.74 (.017)	382 (78.12)	1.62 (.203)	371 (73.61)	0.04 (.847)
	Resident area	Dong	546 (76.26)	0.48 (.488)	722 (79.69)	-	642 (73.96)	0.07 (.795)
	Resident area	Eup, Myeon	153 (73.91)	0.48 (.488)		-	42 (72.41)	0.07 (.795)
	Education	≤Middle school	177 (68.60)	16.83 (.001)	145 (74.74)	5.58 (.134)	109 (68.55)	8.45 (.038)
		High school	256 (80.50)		280 (81.63)		284 (78.89)
		College (2~3 yr)	83 (69.17)		131 (77.51)		100 (72.99)
		University (4 yr)	183 (80.62)		166 (83.00)		191 (70.74)
	House hold income per a family member	1th quintile	155 (68.28)	5.27 (.261)	144 (71.29)	23.47 (<.001)	118 (70.24)	11.84 (.019)
		2nd quintile	126 (75.45)		122 (73.49)		128 (70.33)
		3rd quintile	133 (75.57)		157 (81.35)		133 (73.89)
		4th quintile	134 (79.76)		159 (86.41)		157 (74.76)
		5th quintile	151 (81.62)		140 (86.96)		146 (79.35)
	Resident duration	More than 20 yr	600 (77.52)	8.34 (.004)	485 (80.83)	1.23 (.268)	505 (74.37)	.38 (.538)
	Resident duration	Less than 20 yr	99 (66.44)	8.34 (.004)	237 (77.70)	1.23 (.268)	178 (72.36)	.38 (.538)
	Employment status	Employer	111 (89.52)	29.10 (<.001)	110 (84.62)	4.54 (.104)	98 (79.67)	7.60 (.022)
		Employee	304 (79.58)		364 (80.71)		346 (76.04)
		No job or student	284 (68.11)		248 (76.31)		240 (68.97)
	Health problem	Presence	67 (62.62)	11.33 (.001)	77 (71.30)	5.34 (.021)	66 (78.57)	1.06 (.303)
	Health problem	None		11.33 (.001)		5.34 (.021)		1.06 (.303)
Health behavior	Smoking	Yes	632 (77.45)	645 (80.83)	618 (73.40)	8.90 (.003)	103 (63.19)	1.27 (.260)
	Smoking	No		645 (80.83)		8.90 (.003)	517 (67.76)	1.27 (.260)
	High risk drinking	Yes	151 (74.02)	0.42 (.518)	162 (82.65)	1.36 (.244)	122 (74.85)	0.10 (.754)
	High risk drinking	No	548 (76.22)	0.42 (.518)	560 (78.87)	1.36 (.244)	562 (73.66)	0.10 (.754)
	Moderate intensity exercise	Yes	217 (79.20)	2.55 (.111)	251 (79.68)	0.01 (.996)	210 (74.73)	0.16 (.692)
	Moderate intensity exercise	No	482 (74.27)	2.55 (.111)	471 (79.70)	0.01 (.996)	474 (73.49)	0.16 (.692)
Total			162 (82.65)	6.49 (.011)	190 (85.20)	5.55 (.018)	182 (75.21)	0.31 (.581)
Total			537 (73.87)	6.49 (.011)	532 (77.89)	5.55 (.018)	502 (73.39)	0.31 (.581)

Variables	Characteristics	Categories	Network
			Masan		Jinhae		Changwon
			n (%)	x² (p)	n (%)	x² (p)	n (%)	x² (p)
General characteristics	Age (year)	≤30	106 (84.13)	21.74 (<.001)	97 (88.99)	40.13 (<.001)	136 (83.44)	18.70 (.001)
		30~39	104 (65.00)		143 (67.77)		88 (67.18)
		40~49	130 (69.52)		125 (66.84)		159 (66.81)
		50~59	145 (72.14)		151 (79.47)		164 (65.34)
		≥60	201 (80.72)		180 (86.12)		95 (66.43)
	Gender	Male	286 (69.76)	8.06 (.005)	304 (72.90)	6.67 (.010)	271 (64.22)	9.53 (.002)
	Gender	Female	400 (77.97)	8.06 (.005)	392 (80.16)	6.67 (.010)	371 (73.61)	9.53 (.002)
	Resident area	Dong	534 (74.58)	0.11 (.738)	696 (76.82)	-	602 (69.35)	0.01 (.950)
	Resident area	Eup, Myeon	152 (73.43)	0.11 (.738)		-	40 (68.97)	0.01 (.950)
	Education	≤Middle school	212 (82.17)	5.28 (.153)	166 (85.57)	6.79 (.079)	107 (67.30)	15.35 (.002)
		High school	231 (72.64)		247 (72.01)		236 (65.56)
		College (2~3 yr)	84 (70.00)		131 (77.51)		113 (82.48)
		University (4 yr)	159 (70.04)		152 (76.00)		186 (68.89)
	House hold income per a family member	1th quintile	176 (77.53)	5.68 (.224)	154 (76.24)	0.27 (.992)	104 (61.90)	16.14 (.003)
		2nd quintile	122 (73.05)		130 (78.31)		122 (67.03)
		3rd quintile	130 (73.86)		148 (76.68)		120 (66.67)
		4th quintile	131 (77.98)		141 (76.63)		147 (70.00)
		5th quintile	127 (68.65)		123 (76.40)		148 (80.43)
	Resident duration	More than 20 yr	576 (74.42)	0.02 (.879)	487 (81.17)	19.09 (<.001)	464 (68.34)	1.11 (.292)
	Resident duration	Less than 20 yr	110 (73.83)	0.02 (.879)	208 (68.20)	19.09 (<.001)	177 (71.95)	1.11 (.292)
	Employment status	Employer	99 (79.84)	30.29 (<.001)	107 (82.31)	13.66 (.001)	95 (77.24)	7.03 (.030)
		Employee	248 (64.92)		323 (71.62)		299 (65.71)
		No job or student	339 (81.29)		266 (81.85)		248 (71.26)
	Health problem	Presence	80 (74.77)	0.01 (.911)	81 (75.00)	0.23 (.633)	48 (57.14)	6.45 (.011)
	Health problem	None		0.01 (.911)		0.23 (.633)		6.45 (.011)
Health behavior	Smoking	Yes	606 (74.26)	615 (77.07)	594 (70.55)	8.90 (.003)	103 (63.19)	1.27 (.260)
	Smoking	No		615 (77.07)		8.90 (.003)	517 (67.76)	1.27 (.260)
	High risk drinking	Yes	152 (74.51)	0.01 (.945)	145 (73.98)	1.13 (.287)	110 (67.48)	0.32 (.573)
	High risk drinking	No	534 (74.27)	0.01 (.945)	551 (77.61)	1.13 (.287)	532 (69.72)	0.32 (.573)
	Moderate intensity exercise	Yes	209 (76.28)	0.78 (.377)	238 (75.56)	0.43 (.510)	206 (73.31)	3.00 (.083)
	Moderate intensity exercise	No	477 (73.50)	0.78 (.377)	458 (77.50)	0.43 (.510)	436 (67.60)	3.00 (.083)
Total			160 (81.63)	6.97 (.008)	183 (82.06)	4.56 (.033)	188 (77.69)	10.76 (.001)
Total			526 (72.35)	6.97 (.008)	513 (75.11)	4.56 (.033)	454 (66.37)	10.76 (.001)

Table 3

HRQoL according to General Characteristics and Health Behavior of Residents in Integrated Changwon

Variables	Characteristics	Categories	Masan^a	Jnhae^b	Changwon^c	F or t (p)	Tuckey or Tamhane's T3
Variables	Characteristics	Categories	M±SD	M±SD	M±SD	F or t (p)	Tuckey or Tamhane's T3
General characteristics	Age (year)	≤30	0.94±0.06	0.93±0.05	0.94±0.04	2.42 (.090)	b<a, c
		30~39	0.94±0.03	0.93±0.04	0.94±0.03	5.12 (.006)	b, c<a
		40~49	0.94±0.03	0.92±0.07	0.93±0.05	10.98 (<.001)
		50~59	0.92±0.09	0.91±0.07	0.92±0.08	1.09 (.336)
		≥60	0.85±0.17	0.82±0.18	0.86±0.16	1.75 (.174)
	Gender	Male	0.93±0.09	0.91±0.10	0.93±0.08	3.79 (.023)	b<c
	Gender	Female	0.90±0.12	0.89±0.12	0.91±0.09	6.03 (.002)	b<c
	Resident area	Dong	0.91±0.11	0.90±0.11	0.92±0.09	8.80 (<.001)	b<c
	Resident area	Eup, Myeon	0.91±0.09		0.90±0.09	-1.69 (.091)	b<c
	Education	≤Middle school	0.84±0.17	0.83±0.17	0.86±0.15	1.57 (.210)	b<a, c
		High school	0.93±0.05	0.91±0.07	0.93±0.05	10.36 (<.001)	b<a, c
		College (2~3 yr)	0.94±0.06	0.93±0.05	0.93±0.10	1.13 (.325)
		University (4 yr)	0.94±0.06	0.92±0.09	0.94±0.03	7.44 (.001)
	House hold income per a family member	1st quintile	0.86±0.16	0.86±0.16	0.89±0.12	3.48 (.032)	a, b<c
		2nd quintile	0.91±0.11	0.91±0.08	0.92±0.08	0.96 (.385)	b<a, c
		3rd quintile	0.93±0.05	0.90±0.12	0.92±0.07	6.43 (.002)
		4th quintile	0.93±0.05	0.92±0.07	0.93±0.09	1.83 (.161)
		5th quintile	0.94±0.08	0.92±0.06	0.92±0.07	2.82 (.061)
	Resident duration	More than 20 yr	0.91±0.12	0.89±0.13	0.92±0.09	12.04 (<.001)	b<a, c
	Resident duration	Less than 20 yr	0.93±0.05	0.92±0.06	0.92±0.09	1.74 (.176)	b<a, c
	Employment status	Employer	0.94±0.04	0.91±0.11	0.93±0.04	6.41 (.002)	b<a, c
		Employee	0.94±0.05	0.92±0.06	0.93±0.05	10.78 (<.001)	b<a, c
		No job or student	0.88±0.15	0.87±0.15	0.90±0.12	3.94 (.020)	b<c
	Health problem	Presence	0.77±0.22	0.80±0.17	0.84±0.19	3.31 (.038)	a<c
	Health problem	None	0.93±0.07	0.91±0.09	0.93±0.06	11.50 (<.001)	b<a, c
Health behavior	Smoking	Yes	0.93±0.08	0.92±0.10	0.93±0.07	1.94 (.145)	b<c
	Smoking	No	0.90±0.12	0.89±0.11	0.92±0.09	8.17 (<.001)	b<c
	High risk drinking	Yes	0.93±0.08	0.92±0.06	0.93±0.07	1.71 (.181)	b<c
	High risk drinking	No	0.90±0.12	0.89±0.13	0.91±0.09	8.58 (<.001)	b<c
	Moderate intensity exercise	Yes	0.93±0.06	0.91±0.08	0.92±0.06	2.50 (.083)	b<c
	Moderate intensity exercise	No	0.91±0.12	0.89±0.12	0.92±0.09	6.95 (.001)	b<c
Total			0.91±0.11	0.90±0.11	0.92±0.09	8.49 (<.001)	b<a, c

Table 4

The Effect of Social Capital on HRQoL of Residents in Integrated Changwon

Variables	Masan^†					Jinhae^†					Changwon^†
Variables	B^‡	SE^‡	β^‡	t	p	B^‡	SE^‡	β^‡	t	p	B^‡	SE^‡	β^‡	t	p
Social capital
Trust (ref No)	-0.005	0.007	-0.020	-0.71	.481	0.001	0.007	0.007	0.22	.827	0.003	0.006	0.014	0.46	.646
Participation (ref No)	0.019	0.007	0.072	2.59	.010	0.046	0.008	0.169	5.61	<.001	0.028	0.006	0.143	4.64	<.001
Network (ref contact less 1/week)	0.025	0.007	0.098	3.51	<.001	0.006	0.008	0.022	0.75	.455	-0.011	0.006	-0.057	-1.82	.069
	Adj. R²=.34, F=25.05, p<.001					Adj. R²=.27, F=18.41, p<.001					Adj. R²=.20, F=12.45, p<.001

^†Tested by multiple regression analysis with adjusted for sex, age, educational level, resident area, house hold income per a family member, resident duration, employment, health problem, smoking, high risk drinking, moderate intensity exercise; ^‡When presenting to the second decimal place, the effective numbers of some statistics were not displayed. Therefore, B, SE, and β were presented as the third decimal place.

Notes

This research is financially supported by Changwon National University in 2015~2016.

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