Differences in the Characteristics of Sexual Abuse Victimization between Low- and High-Grade Elementary School Children and Correlations among the Characteristics

Young-Ran Cho; Ji-Eun Kim; Kyung-Min Park

doi:10.12799/jkachn.2015.26.2.119

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Cho, Kim, and Park: Differences in the Characteristics of Sexual Abuse Victimization between Low- and High-Grade Elementary School Children and Correlations among the Characteristics

Original Article

Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing 2015; 26(2): 119-127.

Published online: 30 June 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2015.26.2.119

Differences in the Characteristics of Sexual Abuse Victimization between Low- and High-Grade Elementary School Children and Correlations among the Characteristics

Young-Ran Cho¹, Ji-Eun Kim¹, Kyung-Min Park²

¹Daegu Child Sexual Assault Response Center, Daegu, Korea.

²College of Nursing, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea.

Corresponding author: Park, Kyung-Min. College of Nursing, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 704-701, Korea. Tel: +82-53-580-3900, Fax: +82-53-580-3916, kmp@kmu.ac.kr

Received 3 April 2015 Revised 4 June 2015 Accepted 18 June 2015

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study is attempted to figure out the characteristics of sexual abuse victimization in low- and high-grade elementary school children and furthermore to help develop appropriate preventive educational programs against sexual abuse by grade.

Methods

Data were collected from 156 sexual abuse victims who were elementary school children and visited the Child Sexual Abuse Response Center in D City during the period from 2010 to 2012. Differences in general and victimization-related characteristics between low and high graders and the correlations among the characteristics were analyzed.

Results

The results showed statistically significant difference between low and high graders in two variables: offender-victim relationship, and the type of sexual abuse. Offender-victim relationship was in a significant correlation with the duration of victimization (r=.576, p<.001), frequency of abuse (r=.546, p<.001), location (r=-.479, p<.001), and time (r=.435, p<.001). The type of sexual abuse was in a significant correlation with frequency (r=.175, p=.029) and time (r=.261, p=.001).

Conclusion

Appropriate educational programs should be developed for preventing sexual assaults in consideration of difference in victimization-related characteristics between low and high graders. In addition, such programs should be applied fittingly to the learners'grade, gender, and cognitive level.

Keywords: Primary school, Sexual abuse of child, Victimization

Figures and Tables

Table 1

General Characteristics of Child Sexual Abuse Victims (N=156)

Characteristics	Categories	Lower grade	Upper grade	x² (p)
Characteristics	Categories	n (%)	n (%)	x² (p)
Gender	Male	14 (20.9)	16 (18.0)	0.21 (.647)
Gender	Female	53 (79.1)	73 (82.0)	0.21 (.647)
Disability	Yes	9 (13.4)	19 (21.3)	1.63 (.202)
Disability	No	58 (86.6)	70 (78.7)	1.63 (.202)
Two parent family	Yes	43 (64.2)	47 (52.8)	2.03 (.155)
Two parent family	No	24 (35.8)	42 (47.2)	2.03 (.155)

Table 2

Victimization Characteristics between Lower and Upper Grade Victims (N=156)

Characteristics	Categories	Lower grade	Upper grade	x² (p)
Characteristics	Categories	n (%)	n (%)	x² (p)
Offender - Victim's relationship	Intrafamilial	14 (20.9)	35 (39.3)	6.89 (.032)
	Extrafamilial	36 (53.7)	41 (46.1)
	Strangers	17 (25.4)	13 (14.6)
Types of the sexual abuse	Indecent assault	54 (80.6)	54 (60.7)	11.95 (.003)
	Analogous rape	12 (17.9)	19 (21.3)
	Rape	1 (1.5)	16 (18.0)
Duration of the sexual abuse	1 day	39 (58.2)	43 (48.3)	2.50 (.287)
	2 days -1 year	18 (26.9)	24 (27.0)
	>1 year	10 (14.9)	22 (24.7)
Frequency of the sexual abuse	1	37 (55.2)	43 (48.3)	3.82 (.148)
	2~9	18 (26.9)	18 (20.2)
	≥10	12 (17.9)	28 (31.5)
Location of the sexual abuse	Indoor	46 (68.7)	70 (78.7)	2.00 (.157)
Location of the sexual abuse	Outdoor	21 (31.3)	19 (21.3)	2.00 (.157)
Time at sexual abuse	Day	39 (58.2)	41 (46.1)	3.03 (.220)
	Night	17 (25.4)	24 (27.0)
	Mixed	11 (16.4)	24 (27.0)

Table 3

Correlation between Victimization Characteristics, Lower and Upper Grade Victims (N=156)

Variables	X1	X2	X3	X4	X5	X6
Variables	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)
Victim's grade at assault (X1)	1
Offender - Victim's relationship (X2)	.21 (.010)	1
Types of the sexual abuse (X3)	.27 (.001)	.12 (.128)	1
Duration of the sexual abuse (X4)	.11 (.169)	.58 (<.001)	.12 (.133)	1
Frequency of the sexual abuse (X5)	.13 (.105)	.55 (<.001)	.18 (.029)	.89 (<.001)	1
Location of the sexual abuse (X6)	-.11 (.159)	-.48 (<.001)	.03 (.721)	-.37 (<.001)	-.40 (<.001)	1
Time at sexual abuse (X7)	.03 (.761)	.44 (<.001)	.26 (.001)	.56 (<.001)	.58 (<.001)	-.15 (.062)

Table 4

Victimization Characteristics according to General Characteristics of Lower and Upper Grade Victims (N=156)

Characteristics	Classification	Lower grade						Upper grade
		Gender		Disability		Two parent family		Gender		Disability		Two parent family
		Male	Female	Yes	No	Yes	No	Male	Female	Yes	No	Yes	No
		n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Offender-Victim relationship	Intrafamilial	3 (21.4)	11 (20.8)	1 (11.1)	13 (22.4)	11 (25.6)	3 (12.5)	2 (12.5)	33 (45.2)	6 (31.6)	29 (41.4)	15 (31.9)	20 (47.6)
	Extrafamilial	7 (50.0)	29 (54.7)	6 (66.7)	30 (51.7)	20 (46.5)	16 (66.7)	14 (87.5)	27 (37.0)	10 (52.6)	31 (44.3)	24 (51.1)	17 (40.5)
	Strangers	4 (28.6)	13 (24.5)	3 (22.2)	15 (25.9)	12 (27.9)	5 (20.8)	0 (0.0)	13 (17.8)	3 (15.8)	10 (14.3)	8 (17.0)	5 (11.9)
	x² (p)	0.12 (.923^†)		0.84 (.891^†)		2.73 (.255)		13.69 (.001)		0.62 (.734)		2.33 (.312)
Types of the sexual abuse	Indecent assault	9 (64.3)	45 (84.9)	5 (55.6)	49 (84.5)	33 (76.8)	21 (87.5)	10 (62.5)	44 (60.3)	7 (36.8)	47 (67.1)	31 (66.0)	23 (54.8)
	Analogous rape	5 (35.7)	7 (13.2)	3 (33.3)	9 (15.5)	9 (20.9)	3 (12.5)	6 (37.5)	13 (17.8)	7 (36.8)	12 (17.1)	13 (27.7)	6 (14.3)
	Rape	0 (0.0)	1 (1.9)	1 (11.1)	0 (0.0)	1 (2.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	16 (21.9)	5 (26.3)	11 (15.7)	3 (6.4)	13 (31.0)
	x² (p)	3.98 (.178^†)		8.64 (.027^†)		1.39 (.687^†)		5.90 (.041^†)		5.91 (.047^†)		9.76 (.008)
Duration of the sexual abuse	1 day	8 (57.1)	31 (58.5)	6 (66.7)	33 (56.9)	25 (58.1)	14 (58.3)	7 (43.8)	36 (49.3)	10 (52.6)	33 (47.1)	23 (48.9)	20 (47.6)
	2 days -1 year	5 (35.7)	13 (24.5)	2 (22.2)	16 (27.6)	13 (30.2)	5 (20.8)	7 (43.8)	17 (23.3)	5 (26.3)	19 (27.1)	14 (29.8)	10 (23.8)
	>1 year	1 (7.1)	9 (17.0)	1 (11.1)	9 (15.5)	5 (11.6)	5 (20.8)	2 (12.5)	20 (27.4)	4 (21.1)	18 (25.7)	10 (21.3)	12 (28.6)
	x² (p)	1.24 (.588^†)		0.31 (1.000^†)		1.38 (.501)		3.30 (.216^†)		0.23 (.892)		0.78 (.677)
Frequency of the sexual abuse	1	7 (50.0)	30 (56.6)	5 (55.6)	32 (55.2)	24 (55.8)	13 (54.2)	7 (43.8)	36 (49.3)	10 (52.6)	33 (47.1)	23 (48.9)	20 (47.6)
	2~9	6 (42.9)	12 (22.6)	3 (33.3)	15 (25.9)	12 (27.9)	6 (25.0)	6 (37.5)	12 (16.4)	3 (15.8)	15 (21.4)	10 (21.3)	8 (19.0)
	≥10	1 (7.1)	11 (20.8)	1 (11.1)	11 (19.0)	7 (16.3)	5 (20.8)	3 (18.8)	25 (34.2)	6 (31.6)	22 (31.4)	14 (29.8)	14 (33.3)
	x² (p)	2.92 (.268^†)		0.43 (.897^†)		0.23 (.889)		3.96 (.138)		0.33 (.849)		0.15 (.927)
Location of the sexual abuse	Indoor	11 (78.6)	35 (66.0)	5 (55.6)	41 (70.7)	30 (69.8)	16 (66.7)	12 (75.0)	58 (79.5)	14 (73.7)	56 (80.0)	36 (76.6)	34 (81.0)
	Outdoor	3 (21.4)	18 (34.0)	4 (44.4)	17 (29.3)	13 (30.2)	8 (33.3)	4 (25.0)	15 (20.5)	5 (26.3)	14 (20.0)	11 (23.4)	8 (19.0)
	x² (p)	0.81 (.522^†)		0.83 (.446^†)		0.07 (.793)		0.16 (.739^†)		0.36 (.541^†)		0.25 (.617)
Time at sexual abuse	Day	6 (42.9)	33 (62.3)	7 (77.8)	32 (55.2)	27 (62.8)	12 (50.0)	10 (62.5)	31 (42.5)	11 (57.9)	30 (42.9)	24 (51.1)	17 (40.5)
	Night	5 (35.7)	12 (22.6)	1 (11.1)	16 (27.6)	8 (18.6)	9 (37.5)	4 (25.0)	20 (27.4)	2 (10.5)	22 (31.4)	12 (25.5)	12 (28.6)
	Mixed	3 (21.4)	8 (15.1)	1 (11.1)	10 (17.2)	8 (18.6)	3 (12.5)	2 (12.5)	22 (30.1)	6 (31.6)	18 (25.7)	11 (23.4)	13 (31.0)
	x² (p)	1.73 (.370^†)		1.70 (.541^†)		2.95 (.229)		2.69 (.296^†)		3.35 (.188)		1.09 (.581)

^†Fisher's exact test.

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