Journal List > J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs > v.25(1) > 1058342

TOOLS
Park, Choi, Ma, Moon, and Moon: Influence of Cellular Phone Videos and Games on Dry Eye Syndrome in University Students
Original Article

Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing 2014; 25(1): 12-23.

Published online: 31 March 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2014.25.1.12

Influence of Cellular Phone Videos and Games on Dry Eye Syndrome in University Students

Jeong Sook Park1, Mi Jung Choi2, Ji Eun Ma1, Ji Hyun Moon1, Hyo Jeong Moon1

1College of Nursing, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea.

2Graduate School, College of Nursing, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea.

Corresponding author: Choi, Mi Jung. College of Nursing, Keimyung University, 1095 Shindang-dong, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 704-701, Korea. Tel: +82-10-4532-8171, Fax: +82-53-580-3916, kiaotoo@hanmail.net

Received 11 October 2013       Revised 16 January 2014       Accepted 21 March 2014

© 2014 Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate influence of cellular phone videos and games on dry eye syndrome in university students.

Methods

A randomized comparison group pre-post design is used. Sixty university students were randomly assigned to either a video or a game group. Frequencies of blinking, dry eye symptoms scores and amounts of tears were measured. Thirty subjects watched cellular phone video programmes and the other 30 subjects played cellular phone games for 61 minutes. In addition, frequencies of blinking were measured three times during treatment, once immediately after a treatment and twice at an interval of 20 minutes after subsequent treatments.

Results

Post-test scores of frequencies of blinking significantly decreased, dry eye symptoms scores including amounts of tears significantly increased greater than pre-test scores in both groups. But there were no significant differences between the groups. Frequencies of blinking were significantly different with respect to the time spent using cellular phone. In both groups, the lowest frequencies of blinking were shown after 40 minutes of cellular phone use.

Conclusion

This study shows that using cellular phone has negative influence on dry eye syndrome and eyes require a resting period after cellular phone use over 40 minutes.

Keywords: Cellular phone, University, Students, Dry eye syndrome

Figures and Tables

Figure 1
The change of frequency of blinking according to time.
A=Before smartphone use; B1=20 minutes after smartphone use; B2= 40 minutes after smartphone use; B3=60 minutes after smartphone use; C1=immediately after remove smartphone use; C2=20 minutes after remove smartphone use; C3=40 minutes after remove smartphone use.
jkachn-25-12-g001
Table 1
Homogeneity Test of General Characteristics and Pretest Dependent Variables (N=60)
jkachn-25-12-i001

†Fisher's exact test; ‡Multiple answered; §Mann-Whitney U test.

Table 2
Differences of Dependent Variables between Pretest and Posttest (N=60)
jkachn-25-12-i002
Table 3
Differences of Dependent Variables between Video Group and Game Group (N=60)
jkachn-25-12-i003
Table 4
Comparison of Frequency of Blinking by Repeated Measures ANOVA (N=60)
jkachn-25-12-i004

References

1. Korea Communication Commission. Wire/wireless telecommunication service subscribers statistics [Internet]. Gwacheon: Korea Communication Commission;2013. cited 2013 July 4. Available from: http://www.kcc.go.kr/user.do?mode=view&page=A02060400&dc=K02060400&boardId=1030&cp=1&boardSeq=36008.
2. Gwon GD, Im TY, Choi US, Park SB, O DH. The future opening by smartphone. CEO Inf. 2010; 741:1–22.
3. Jeong YC. Media utilization behavior of smart generation 20s [Internet]. Gwacheon: Korea Information Society Development Institute;2013. cited 2013 July 4. Available from: http://www.kisdi.re.kr/kisdi/fp/kr/board/selectSingleBoard.do?cmd=selectSingleBoard&boardId=GPK_PRESS&curPage=5&seq=28277&reStep=1305799&ctx=_.
4. Kim DI, Lee YH, Lee JY, Kim MC, Keum CM, Nam JE, et al. New patterns in media addiction: is smartphone a substitute or a complement to the internet. Korea J Youth Couns. 2012; 20(1):71–88.
5. Yun JY, Mun JS, Kim MJ, Kim YJ, Kim HA, Heo BR, et al. Smart phone addiction and health problem in university student. J Korean Assoc Crisis Emerg Manag. 2011; 3(2):94–104.
6. Lee BI, Kim SW, Kim YJ, Bae JY, Woo SK, Woo HN, et al. The relationship between smartphone usage time and physical and mental health of university Students. J Korean Soc Sch Health. 2013; 26(1):45–53.
7. Lee SH. Evaluating the influence of smart phone use on the psycho-physiological condition [master's thesis]. Seoul: Konkuk University;2011. 41.
8. The International Dry Eye Workshop. The definition and classification of dry eye disease: report of the definition and classification subcommittee of the international Dry Eye Workshop (2007). Ocul Surf. 2007; 5(2):75–92.
9. Lee BJ, Hong JH, Jung DI, Park MJ. A study on the confidence of dry eye diagnosis methods. J Korean Ophthalmic Opt Soc. 2008; 13(1):15–20.
10. Cho YA, Won JS, An GJ. The effect on the dryness of eye during VDT work. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 1996; 37(12):1991–1995.
11. Park HJ, Yi K. Relationship between middle school students' computer using time and dry eye. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2002; 43(3):449–454.
12. Kim JS, Cho KJ, Song JS. Influences of computer works on blink rate and ocular dryness in adolescents. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2007; 48(11):1466–1472.
crossref
13. Suh YW, Kim KH, Kang SY, Kim SW, Oh JR, Kim HM, et al. The objective methods to evaluate ocular fatigue associated with computer work. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2010; 51(10):1327–1332.
crossref
14. Cho Y, Sin JY. The influence of type of computer and VDT work on the dryness of eye. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2002; 43(11):2280–2287.
15. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral science. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum;1988. p. 567.
16. Woo HK, Moon BY, Cho HG. Ocular symptoms on VDT syndrome and symptoms-related factors. J Korean Ophthalmic Opt Soc. 2011; 16(3):351–356.
17. Kim TG. Analysis of the changes of smart-phone game genre preference [master's thesis]. Seoul: Hongik University;2012. 86.
18. Lee JH, Lee HB, Heo W, Hong YJ. Ophthalmology. 9th ed. Seoul: Iljogak;2011. p. 549.
19. Lee SC, Jin KH. Reviews: Dry eye syndrome. J Kyung Hee Univ Med Cent. 2006; 22(2):107–111.
20. Kanski J. Clinical ophthalmology. KH Jin IG Park SY Yu UH Nam HU Gwak . Seoul: Jeongdam;2005. p. 56–61.
21. Lee JW. The influence of uninterrupted VDT work on visual functions [master's thesis]. Gumi: Kyungwoon University;2012. 47.
22. Toda I, Yagi Y, Hata S, Itoh S, Tsubota K. Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy for patients with contact lens intolerance caused by dry eye. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996; 80(7):604–609.
crossref
23. Plugfelder SC, Beuerman RW, Stern ME, editors. Dry eye and ocular surface disorders. New York, Basel: Marcel Dekker, Inc;2004. p. 428.
24. Kim WJ, Kim HS, Kim MS. Current trends in the recognition and treatment of dry eye: a survey of ophthalmologists. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2007; 48(12):1614–1622.
crossref
25. Chung SH, Na KS, Kwon HG, Lee HS, Kim SY, Kim EC, et al. Levels of severity in dry eye syndrome according to delphi panel classification. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2010; 51(9):1179–1183.
crossref
26. Nakamori K, Odawara M, Nakajima T, Mizutani T, Tsubota K. Blinking is controlled primarily by ocular surface conditions. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997; 124(1):24–30.
crossref
27. Tsubota K. Tear dynamics and dry eye. Prog Retin Eye Res. 1998; 17(4):565–596.
crossref
TOOLS
Similar articles