Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome and Its associated Factors among Elders in a Rural Community

Bongjeong Kim

doi:10.12799/jkachn.2013.24.2.225

Journal List > J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs > v.24(2) > 1058305

Go to TopGo to Top Go to BottomGo to Bottom

TOOLS

Kim: Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome and Its associated Factors among Elders in a Rural Community

Original Article

Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing 2013; 24(2): 225-235.

Published online: 30 June 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2013.24.2.225

Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome and Its associated Factors among Elders in a Rural Community

Bongjeong Kim

Department of Nursing, Yeoju Institute of Technology, Yeoju, Korea.

Corresponding author: Kim, Bongjeong. Department of Nursing, Yeoju Institute of Technology, 338 Sejong-ro, Yeoju-eup, Yeoju 469-705, Korea. Tel: +82-31-880-5373, Fax: +82-31-885-7041, bjkim7853@yit.ac.kr

Received 1 March 2013 Accepted 23 June 2013

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) and factors associated with it among elders in a rural community.

Methods

Data were collected from 683 subjects with a questionnaire, physical measurement, and blood test. The prevalence of the MS was determined by AHA/NHLBI and waist circumference cutoff points for Koreans.

Results

The prevalence of the MS was 50.5% in total (41.6% in men, 56.3% in women) while the prevalence of 5 metabolic risk factors was 67.7% for elevated blood pressure, 51.0% for low HDL-cholesterol, and 50.2% for abdominal obesity. Risk factors associated with the prevalence of the MS included family history, BMI, and physical activity; significant factors associated with that of metabolic components included family history, BMI, smoking, drinking, and physical activity. Especially, a higher BMI was a strong risk factor of the prevalence of abdominal obesity as well as the MS and its components.

Conclusion

The findings indicate that nurses should care for elders based on each metabolic component regarding its prevalence level and concentrate primarily on reducing elevated blood pressure, low HDL-cholesterol by controlling the main risk factor, abdominal obesity through lifestyle modification.

Keywords: Metabolic syndrome X, Aged, Obesity, Rural population

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Prevalence of Each Risk Factor of Metabolic Syndrome and Clustering of Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome

^†High-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 2

Difference of the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome by Demographic and Lifestyle Factors (N=683)

^†No answer excluded; ^‡Family history was defined as the presence of hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

Table 3

Difference of the Prevalence of Each Metabolic Risk Factor by Demographic and Lifestyle Factors (N=683)

^†HDL-C=high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 4

Factors Associated with Prevalence Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolic Risk Factors

OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; HDL-C=high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

^*p<.05; ^**p<.01; ^***p<.001.

References

1. Butler J, Rodondi N, Zhu Y, Figaro K, Fazio S, Vaughan DE, et al. Metabolic syndrome and the risk of cardiovascular disease in older adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006. 47(8):1595–1602.

2. Denys K, Cankurtaran M, Janssens W, Petrovic M. Metabolic syndrome in the elderly: An overview of the evidence. Acta Clin Belg. 2009. 64(1):23–34.

3. Devarj S, Wang-Polagruto J, Polagruto J, Keen CL, Jialal I. High-fat, energy-dense, fast-food-style breakfast results in an increase in oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. 2008. 57(6):867–870.

4. Dominguez LJ, Barbagallo M. The cardiometabolic syndrome and sarcopenic obesity in older persons. J Cardiometab Syndr. 2007. 2(3):183–189.

5. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang AG. Statistical power analyses using G^*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods. 2009. 41(4):1149–1160.

6. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among US Adults. JAMA. 2002. 287(3):356–359.

7. Galassi A, He J. Metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2006. 119(10):812–819.

8. Gause-Nilsson I, Gherman S, Kumar Dey D, Kennerfalk A, Steen B. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an elderly Swedish population. Acta Diabetol. 2006. 43(4):120–126.

9. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: An American Heart Association/ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005. 112(17):2735–2752.

10. Hunt KJ, Heiss G, Sholinsky PD, Province MA. Familial history of metabolic disorders and the multiple metabolic syndrome: The NHLBI family heart study. Genet Epidemiol. 2000. 19(4):395–409.

11. Im MY, Lee YR, Han SJ, Cho CM. The Effects of lifestyle factors on metabolic syndrome among Koran adults. J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs. 2012. 23(1):13–21.

12. Kim JI. Factors affecting metabolic syndrome in a rural community. J Korean Soc Health Educ Promot. 2009. 26(1):81–92.

13. Korean Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Indepth analyses of the third Korea national health and nutrition examination: The health examination part. 2007. Seoul: Author.

14. Lee EH, Cho S, Kwon EJ, Park JY, Hyun SM, Kim M. Prevalence and related of metabolic syndrome among Korean older adults. J Korean Soc Health Educ Promot. 2009. 26(4):129–143.

15. Lee HS, Kwon CS. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and related risk factors of elderly residents in Andong rural area: Based on the anthropometric measurements and health behaviors. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr. 2010. 39(10):511–517.

16. Lee K. Gender-specific relationships between alcohol drinking patterns and metabolic syndrome: The Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2008. Public Health Nutr. 2012. 15(10):1917–1924.

17. Lee WY, Jung CH, Park JS, Rhee EJ, Kim SW. Effects of smoking, alcohol, education, and family history on the metabolic syndrome as defined by th ATPIII. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005. 67(1):70–77.

18. Lim J, Kim S, Ke S, Cho B. The Prevalence of obesity, abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome among elderly in general population. Korean J Fam Med. 2011. 32(2):128–134.

19. Lim S, Jang HC, Lee HK, Kim KC, Park C, Cho NH. A rural-urban comparison of the characteristics of the metabolic syndrome by gender in Korea: The Korean Health and Genome Study (KHGS). J Endocrinol Invest. 2006. 29(4):313–319.

20. Lim S, Lee HK, Park S. Changes in the characteristicsof metabolic syndrome in Korea over the period 1998-2001 as determined by Korean national health and nutrition examination surveys. Diabetes Care. 2005. 28(7):1810–1812.

21. Maggi S, Noale M, Gallina P, Bianchi D, Marzari C, Limongi F, et al. Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in an elderly caucasian cohort: The Italian longitudinal study on aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006. 61(5):505–510.

22. Mozaffarian D, Kamineni A, Prineas RJ, Siscovick DS. Metabolic syndrome and mortality in older adults: The cardiovascular health study. Arch Intern Med. 2008. 168(9):969–978.

23. National Statistical Office. 2010 report on the causes of death statistics. 2011. 10. 08. Retrieved January 5, 2012. from http://kostat.go.kr/wnsearch/search.jsp.

24. Oh SW, Yoon YS, Lee ES, Kim WK, Park C, Lee S, et al. Association between cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome: The Korea national health and nutrition examination survey. Diabetes Care. 2005. 28(8):2064–2066.

25. Park HS, Oh SW, Cho SI, Choi WH, Kim YS. The metabolic syndrome and associated lifestyle factors among South Korean adults. Int J Epidemiol. 2004. 33(2):328. 336.

26. Scuteri A, Morrell CH, Najjar SS, Lakatta EG. The metabolic syndrome in older individuals: Prevalence and prediction of cardiovascular events. The cardiovascular health study. Diabetes Care. 2005. 28(4):882–887.

27. Shin CY, Yun KE, Park HS. Blood pressure has a greater impact on cardiovascular mortality than other components of metabolic syndrome in Koreans. Atherosclerosis. 2009. 205(2):614–619.

28. Sinclair A, Viljoen A. The metabolic syndrome in older persons. Clin Geriatr Med. 2010. 26(2):261–274.

29. Zamboni M, Mazzali G, Harris TB, Meigs JB, Di Francesco V, Fantin F, et al. Health consequences of obesity in the elderly: A review of four unresolved questions. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005. 29(9):1011–1029.

30. Warensjö C, Sundstrom J, Lind L, Vessby B. Factor analysis of fatty acids in serum lipids as a measure of dietary fat quality in relation to the metabolic syndrome in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006. 84(2):442–448.

TOOLS

Similar articles