Influence of Emotional Labor, Nursing Work Environment, and Self-efficacy on Happiness Index among National Psychiatric Hospital Nurses in Korea

Eun A Song; Myung Sun Heo; Hyo Ja An; Jeong Suk Choi

doi:10.12934/jkpmhn.2017.26.1.46

Journal List > J Korean Acad Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs > v.26(1) > 1058140

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Song, Heo, An, and Choi: Influence of Emotional Labor, Nursing Work Environment, and Self-efficacy on Happiness Index among National Psychiatric Hospital Nurses in Korea

Original Article

J Korean Acad Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2017;26(1):46-54.

Published online: 7 March 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12934/jkpmhn.2017.26.1.46

Influence of Emotional Labor, Nursing Work Environment, and Self-efficacy on Happiness Index among National Psychiatric Hospital Nurses in Korea

Eun A Song¹, Myung Sun Heo¹, Hyo Ja An², Jeong Suk Choi¹

¹National Naju Hospital, Naju, Korea

²Department of Nursing, Dongshin University, Naju, Korea

Corresponding author: Choi, Jeong Suk National Naju Hospital, 1328-31 Senam-ro, Sanje-ri, Sanpo-myeon, Naju 58213, Korea. Tel: +82-61-330-4242, Fax: +82-61-330-4200, E-mail: ritac@hanmail.net

Received 27 October 201626 January 2017 Accepted 8 February 2017

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study was conducted to identify emotional labor, nursing work environment, self-efficacy and happiness index and address factors associated with happiness index to provide basic resources for national psychiatric hospital nurses’ happiness at work.

Methods

Participants were 249 nurses working in 5 national psychiatric hospitals. They participated in the survey and data were collected from May 16 to July 30, 2016. Data were analysed using SPSS/WIN 22.0.

Results

Mean scores were nurses’ emotional labor, 3.89, nursing work environment, 2.77, self-efficacy, 3.77, and happiness index, 3.52. There were significant differences on the happiness index for: department, type of work, career length, position and payment. Happiness index was influenced by self-efficacy, work environment and emotional labor. Explanatory power of these variables was 36.9%.

Conclusion

These results show that self-efficacy and work environment are important factors related to the happiness of the national psychiatric hospital nurses. Additionally, developing an effective program to facilitate self-efficacy of nurses and research studies to identify effects of such a program are required.

Keywords: Emotional labor, Workplace, Self-efficacy, Happiness

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Table 1.

Characteristics of Participants (N=249)

Characteristics	Categories	n (%)
Gender	Male	24 (9.6)
Gender	Female	225 (90.4)
Age (year)	20~29	24 (9.6)
	30~39	66 (26.5)
	40~49	78 (31.3)
	≥50	77 (30.9)
	Missing	4 (1.6)
Marital status	Unmarried	57 (22.9)
	Married	184 (73.9)
	Etc.	8 (3.2)
Education	College diploma	39 (15.7)
	Bachelor	130 (52.2)
	≥Master	80 (32.1)
Religion	Yes	168 (67.5)
Religion	No	81 (32.5)
Type of work	Full-time	116 (46.6)
Type of work	Three shifts	133 (53.4)
Working unit	Ward	176 (70.7)
Working unit	Etc.	73 (29.3)
Clinical career (year)	1~10	71 (28.5)
	11~20	43 (17.3)
	21~30	103 (41.4)
	≥31	25 (10.0)
	Missing	7 (2.8)
Position	Staff nurse	166 (66.7)
	Charge nurse	28 (11.2)
	≥Head nurse	55 (22.1)
Monthly income (10,000 won)	<300	105 (42.2)
	300~<400	122 (49.0)
	≥400	22 (8.8)

Table 2.

Degree of Emotional Labor, Work Environment, Self-efficacy, Happiness Index (N=249)

Variables	M±SD
Emotional labor	2.89±0.50
Frequency of emotional labor	3.40±0.58
Attentiveness of emotional labor	2.92±0.53
Mismatch of emotion	2.36±0.70
Work environment	2.77±0.32
Nurse Participation in hospital affairs	2.67±0.41
Staffing and resource adequacy	2.50±0.48
Nursing foundations for quality of care	2.88±0.34
Nursing unit manager: Ability, leadership and support of nurses	2.90±0.39
Collegial nurse-doctor relations	2.81±0.41
Self-efficacy	3.77±0.54
Happiness index	3.52±0.59

Table 3.

Differences of Happ piness Index according to Charac teristics of Participants (N=249)

Variables	Categories	Happiness Index
Variables	Categories	M±SD	t or F (p)
Gender	Male	3.57±0.45	0.39 (.690)
Gender	Female	3.52±0.60
Age (year)	20~29^a	3.16±0.57	9.29 (<.001)
	30~39^b	3.41±0.56	a<c
	40~49^c	3.50±0.56	a, b, c<d
	≥50^d	3.78±0.56
Marital status	Unmarried^a	3.28±0.61	7.27 (<.001)
	Married^b	3.61±0.57	a<b
	Etc.^c	3.38±0.43
Education level	College diploma^a	3.23±0.65	16.49 (<.001)
	Bachelor^b	3.44±0.51	a, b<c
	≥Master^c	3.80±0.57
Religion	Yes	3.58±0.57	1.98 (.048)
Religion	No	3.42±0.61
Type of work	Full-time	3.78±0.52	6.88 (<.001)
Type of work	Three shifts	3.30±0.56
Working unit	Ward	3.38±0.57	−6.28 (<.001)
Working unit	Etc.	3.87±0.48
Clinical career (year)	1~10^a	3.30±0.54	9.68 (<.001)
	11~20^b	3.41±0.57	a<c, d
	21~30^c	3.63±0.60	b<d
	≥31^d	3.93±0.43
Position	Staff nurse^a	3.40±0.56	17.01 (<.001)
	Charge nurse^b	3.55±0.60	a, b<c
	≥Head nurse^c	3.90±0.51
Monthly income (10,000 won)	<300^a	3.30±0.57	16.98 (<.001)
	300~<400^b	3.64±0.55	a<b, c
	≥400^c	3.93±0.49

a,b,c: Tukey test.

Table 4.

Correlations between the Happiness Index and Other Variables (N=249)

Variables	Emotional labor	Nursing work environment	Self-efficacy	Happiness index
Variables	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)	r (p)
1. Emotional labor	−
2. Nursing work environment	t -.17 (<.001)	−
3. Self-efficacy	−.28 (<.001)	.52 (<.001)	−
4. Happiness index	−.26 (<.001)	.45 (<.001)	.56 (<.001)	−

Table 5.

Affected Factors of Happiness Index (N=249)

Variables	B	SE	β	t	p
Self-efficacy	0.46	0.06	.42	6.94	<.001
Nursing work environment	0.39	0.10	.21	3.65	<.001
Emotional labor	−0.12	0.06	−.10	−1.93	.054

Adj. R²=.37, F=3.74, p<.001

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