The relationship between oral health behavior, smoking, and periodontal diseases in Koreat middle-aged mee: based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-2015

Ye Hwang Kim; Jung Hwa Lee

doi:10.11149/jkaoh.2017.41.1.36

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Kim and Lee: The relationship between oral health behavior, smoking, and periodontal diseases in Koreat middle-aged mee: based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-2015

Original Article

J Korean Acad Oral Health 2017;41(1):36-42.

Published online: 15 March 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.11149/jkaoh.2017.41.1.36

The relationship between oral health behavior, smoking, and periodontal diseases in Koreat middle-aged mee: based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-2015

Ye Hwang Kim¹, Jung Hwa Lee^1,^2,

¹Department of Biomedical Health Science, Graduate School, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea

²Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Nursing and Healthcare Sciences, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea

Corresponding Author: Jung Hwa Lee Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Nursing and Healthcare Sciences, Dong-Eui University, 176 Eomgwang-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47340, Korea Tel: +82-51-890-4239 Fax: +82-51-505-6878 E-mail: yamako93@deu.ac.kr

Received 26 January 2017 Revised 4 March 2017 Accepted 8 March 2017

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between smoking and periodontal diseases in Korean middle-aged men based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-2015.

Methods

The study subjects were 708 men aged 40 years and over and whose data included oral health behavior (status), community periodontal index, and smoking status. The statistical analyses were conducted by applying a complex sample analysis technique.

Results

In terms of the relationship between smoking and periodontal status, the risk of periodontitis was 1.99-fold higher in those aged 50 years and over. It was also 1.17-fold higher for the chewing problem “Average,” 2.877-fold higher for the chewing problem “Poor,” and 1.862-fold higher for smoking.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the need for smoking cessation should be widely publicized in order to promote public oral health.

Keywords: Adult middle-aged male, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNE), Oral health behavior, Periodontal diseases, Smoking

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Table 1.

Characteristics of the study subjects

Variables		N	%
Age	40-49	256	40.2
	≥50	452	59.8
Education level	Less than primary school	132	16.8
	Middle school	106	14.1
	High school	256	37.1
	College or university	214	31.9
Household income	Lower	80	10.6
	Lower middle	170	23.2
	Middle high	225	32.9
	High	233	33.3
Drinking Frequency	y ≥1	147	18.6
	2-3	217	28.5
	4≤	344	52.9
BMI	Underweight	22	2.4
	Normal	444	62.8
	Obesity	242	34.8
Total		708	100.0

The data were analysed by reflecting complex weighted sample design.

Table 2.

Characteristics of the oral health status

Variables		N	%
Perceived oral health	Good	53	7.2
	Average	235	31.4
	Poor	420	61.4
Chewing problem	Yes	260	37.4
	Average	133	18.1
	No	315	44.5
Speaking problem	Yes	87	13.0
	Average	90	12.2
	No	531	74.8
Periodontal disease	Yes	404	54.7
	No	304	45.3
Total		708	100.0

The data were analysed by reflecting complex weighted sample design.

Table 3.

Characteristics of the oral health behavior

Variables		N	%
Oral examination	No	423	60.6
	Yes	285	39.4
Use Flossing	No	557	79.9
	Yes	151	20.1
Use interdental brush	No	570	80.6
	Yes	138	19.4
Use Mouth rinse solution	No	505	72.6
	Yes	203	27.4
Total		708	100.0

The data were analysed by reflecting complex weighted sample design.

Table 4.

Periodontal disease according to general characteristics

Variables	Total	Normal	Periodontal disease	P-value
Variables	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	P-value
Age				0.000
40-49	256 (100.0)	176 (65.4)	80 (34.6)
≥50	452 (100.0)	228 (47.5)	224 (52.5)
Education level				0.208
Less than primary school	80 (100.0)	38 (45.3)	42 (54.7)
Middle school	170 (100.0)	90 (49.5)	80 (50.5)
High school	225 (100.0)	138 (58.1)	87 (41.9)
College or university	233 (100.0)	138 (57.9)	95 (42.1)
Household income				0.004
Lower	132 (100.0)	62 (41.3)	70 (58.7)
Lower middle	106 (100.0)	58 (53.7)	48 (46.3)
Middle high	256 (100.0)	144 (53.2)	112 (46.8)
High	214 (100.0)	140 (63.9)	74 (36.1)
Drinking Frequency				0.020
≥1	147 (100.0)	94 (61.3)	53 (38.7)
2-3	217 (100.0)	131 (60.8)	86 (39.2)
4≤	344 (100.0)	179 (49.1)	165 (50.9)
BMI				0.120
Underweight	22 (100.0)	16 (71.8)	6 (28.2)
Normal	444 (100.0)	266 (56.7)	178 (43.3)
Obesity	242 (100.0)	122 (49.9)	120 (50.1)

The data were analysed by reflecting complex weighted sample design. Complex weighted sample design with Chi-square test. Values are presented as N, unweighted (%). P-value was by chi-square test.

Table 5.

Periodontal disease according to oral health behavior and oral health status

Variables	Total	Normal	Periodontal disease	P-value
Variables	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	P-value
Oral examination				0.803
Yes	285 (100.0)	160 (55.4)	125 (44.6)
No	423 (100.0)	244 (54.2)	179 (45.8)
Use Flossing				0.000
Yes	151 (100.0)	110 (70.5)	41 (29.5)
No	557 (100.0)	294 (50.7)	263 (49.3)
Use interdental brush				0.060
Yes	138 (100.0)	89 (62.1)	49 (37.9)
No	570 (100.0)	315 (52.9)	255 (47.1)
Use Mouth rinse solution				0.583
Yes	203 (100.0)	115 (52.9)	88 (47.1)
No	505 (100.0)	289 (55.3)	216 (44.7)
Perceived oral health				0.000
Poor	420 (100.0)	214 (48.0)	206 (52.0)
Average	235 (100.0)	156 (66.4)	79 (33.6)
Good	53 (100.0)	34 (60.1)	19 (39.9)
Chewing problem				0.000
Yes	260 (100.0)	115 (40.7)	145 (59.3)
Average	133 (100.0)	73 (51.3)	60 (48.7)
No	315 (100.0)	216 (67.7)	99 (32.3)
Speaking problem				0.000
Yes	87 (100.0)	32 (32.7)	55 (67.3)
Average	90 (100.0)	40 (41.4)	50 (58.6)
No	531 (100.0)	332 (60.7)	199 (39.3)

The data were analysed by reflecting complex weighted sample design. Complex weighted sample design with Chi-square test. Values are presented as N, unweighted (%). P-value was by chi-square test.

Table 6.

Relevance of smoking and periodontal status

Variables	Adjusted OR	95% CI	P-value
Age			0.022
40-49	1.000
50≤	1.990	1.104-3.588
Oral examination			0.807
Yes	1.000
No	0.939	0.565-1.560
Use Flossing			0.636
Yes	1.000
No	0.850	0.433-1.670
Use interdental brush			0.901
Yes	1.000
No	0.948	0.405-2.206
Use Mouth rinse solution			0.131
Yes	1.000
No	1.574	0.873-2.839
Perceived oral health			0.401
Good	1.000
Average	0.213	0.422-3.481
Poor	0.774	0.594-5.297
Chewing problem			0.042
No	1.000
Average	1.170	0.577-2.372
Poor	2.877	1.549-5.340
Speaking problem			0.965
No	1.000
Average	0.939	0.315-2.797
Poor	0.883	0.336-2.320
Smoking status			0.021
Non-smoking	1.000
Smoking	1.862	1.101-3.148
Current smoking
≤20 cigarettes	1.000		0.214
≥21 cigarettes	0.464	0.137-1.567
Past smoking (year)			0.823
≤10 years	1.000
≥11 years	0.908	0.389-2.122

The data were analysed by reflecting complex weighted sample design. Complex weighted sample design with logistic regression. *P-value by logistic regression. Adjusted OR=adjusted odds ratio taking account for education level household income, drinking Frequency.

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