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Abstract
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to investigate the gender-related difference in the relationship between smoking status and periodontal diseases using data from the 2014 National Health and Nutrition Survey.
Methods
A total of 4,332 subjects were included in the study. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to control selection bias, and factors affecting the smoking status were used as covariates in PSM. The chi-squared and t tests were used for bivariate analysis. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for covariates (age, education level, household income, monthly drinking, stress, excises, dental visits, frequency of daily tooth brushing, and dental product usage).
Results
After adjusting for all covariates, the smoking status was associated with periodontal diseases. Among the male smoking group showed a 2.1-times higher probability of periodontal diseases than the non-smoking group (OR=2.1, 95% CI: 1.66-2.68). Among the female smoking group showed a 2.3-times higher probability of periodontal disease than the non-smoking group (OR=2.3, 95% CI: 1.12-4.89).
Conclusions
Smoking was significantly associated with periodontitis in Korean male and even female although prevalence of smoking in women was very low. This result could suggest that smoking cessation program should be educated for men and women as well in order to prevent from periodontitis in Korea.
References
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Table 1.
Distribution of general characteristics according of matching
Table 2.
Distribution of smoking according to general characteristics of male
| Variable |
Before match |
t/X2 |
After match |
t/X2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-smoker | Smoker | Non-smoker | Smoker | |||
| Male | 1091 | 690 | 681 | 681 | ||
| Age† | 52.5 (17.8) | 47.4 (14.4) | 6.384*** | 48.0 (17.8) | 47.5 (14.4) | 0.552 |
| Education level | ||||||
| ≤Primary school | 185 (69.0) | 83 (31.0) | 9.612* | 106 (56.4) | 82 (43.6) | 4.874 |
| Middle school | 129 (61.7) | 80 (38.3) | 68 (46.3) | 79 (53.7) | ||
| High school | 368 (58.0) | 266 (42.0) | 245 (47.9) | 266 (52.1) | ||
| >University | 409 (61.0) | 261 (39.0) | 262 (50.8) | 254 (49.2) | ||
| Household income | ||||||
| Low | 179 (66.1) | 92 (33.9) | 5.835 | 103 (53.1) | 91 (46.9) | 2.469 |
| Middle-low | 270 (61.6) | 168 (38.4) | 170 (50.4) | 167 (49.6) | ||
| Middle-high | 316 (57.7) | 232 (42.3) | 203 (47.1) | 228 (52.9) | ||
| High | 326 (62.2) | 198 (37.8) | 205 (51.2) | 195 (48.8) | ||
| Drinking | ||||||
| No | 361 (73.2) | 132 (26.8) | 41.139*** | 133 (50.2) | 132 (49.8) | 0.005 |
| Yes | 730 (56.7) | 558 (43.3) | 548 (50.0) | 549 (50.0) | ||
| Stress | ||||||
| Low | 900 (64.4) | 497 (35.6) | 27.366*** | 520 (51.2) | 496 (48.8) | 2.232 |
| High | 191 (49.7) | 193 (50.3) | 161 (46.5) | 185 (53.5) | ||
| Excises | ||||||
| No | 422 (57.4) | 313 (42.6) | 7.787** | 294 (48.9) | 307 (51.1) | 0.503 |
| Yes | 669 (64.0) | 377 (36.0) | 387 (50.9) | 374 (49.1) | ||
| Dental visit | ||||||
| No | 513 (58.4) | 366 (41.6) | 6.133* | 361 (49.9) | 362 (50.1) | 0.003 |
| Yes | 578 (64.1) | 324 (35.9) | 320 (50.1) | 319 (49.9) | ||
| Frequency of tooth brushing per day | ||||||
| ≤1 | 152 (57.4) | 113 (42.6) | 12.680** | 117 (51.5) | 110 (48.5) | 1.33 |
| 2 | 415 (57.6) | 305 (42.4) | 279 (48.2) | 300 (51.8) | ||
| ≥3 | 524 (65.8) | 272 (34.2) | 285 (51.3) | 271 (48.7) | ||
| Using the dental product | ||||||
| No | 584 (60.6) | 380 (39.4) | 0.406 | 378 (50.3) | 374 (49.7) | 0.048 |
| Yes | 507 (62.1) | 310 (37.9) | 303 (49.7) | 307 (50.3) | ||
| Periodontal diseases | ||||||
| No | 699 (65.3) | 371 (53.7) | 18.702*** | 460 (55.9) | 363 (44.1) | 28.889*** |
| Yes | 392 (36.0) | 319 (46.2) | 221 (41.0) | 318 (59.0) | ||
Table 3.
Distribution of smoking according to general characteristics of female
| Variable |
Before match |
t/X2 |
After match |
t/X2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-smoker | Smoker | Non-smoker | Smoker | |||
| Female | 2444 | 108 | 108 | 108 | ||
| Age† | 50.30 (16.50) | 42.99 (15.09) | 4.518*** | 42.11 (17.64) | 42.99 (15.09) | ―0.394 |
| Education level | ||||||
| ≤Primary school | 653 (96.2) | 26 (3.8) | 6.195 | 29 (52.7) | 26 (47.3) | 7.632 |
| Middle school | 244 (95.3) | 12 (4.7) | 11 (47.8) | 12 (52.2) | ||
| High school | 732 (94.5) | 46 (5.5) | 29 (38.7) | 46 (61.3) | ||
| >University | 754 (96.9) | 24 (3.1) | 39 (61.9) | 24 (38.1) | ||
| Household income | ||||||
| Low | 439 (92.4) | 36 (7.6) | 20.975*** | 32 (47.1) | 36 (52.9) | 0.761 |
| Middle-low | 626 (95.3) | 31 (4.7) | 36 (53.7) | 31 (46.3) | ||
| Middle-high | 699 (96.5) | 25 (3.5) | 26 (51.0) | 25 (49.0) | ||
| High | 679 (97.4) | 16 (2.3) | 14 (46.7) | 16 (53.3) | ||
| Drinking | ||||||
| No | 1,514 (97.2) | 43 (2.8) | 23.353*** | 38 (46.9) | 43 (53.1) | 0.494 |
| Yes | 929 (93.5) | 65 (6.5) | 70 (51.9) | 65 (48.1) | ||
| Stress | ||||||
| Low | 1,834 (97.0) | 57 (3.0) | 26.804*** | 63 (52.5) | 57 (47.5) | 0.675 |
| High | 609 (92.3) | 51 (7.7) | 45 (46.9) | 51 (53.1) | ||
| Excises | ||||||
| No | 1,222 (95.5) | 57 (4.5) | 0.315 | 54 (48.6) | 57 (51.4) | 0.167 |
| Yes | 1,221 (96.0) | 51 (4.0) | 54 (51.4) | 51 (48.6) | ||
| Dental visit | ||||||
| No | 1,210 (95.9) | 52 (4.1) | 28.417*** | 50 (49.0) | 52 (51.0) | 0.074 |
| Yes | 1,233 (95.7) | 56 (4.3) | 58 (50.9) | 56 (49.1) | ||
| Frequency of tooth brushing per day | ||||||
| ≤1 | 183 (93.8) | 12 (6.2) | 2.43 | 11 (47.8) | 12 (52.2) | 0.055 |
| 2 | 928 (95.6) | 43 (4.4) | 44 (50.6) | 43 (49.4) | ||
| ≥3 | 1,332 (96.2) | 53 (3.8) | 53 (50.0) | 53 (50.0) | ||
| Using the dental product | ||||||
| No | 1,064 (95.6) | 49 (4.4) | 0.139 | 44 (47.3) | 49 (52.7) | 0.472 |
| Yes | 1,379 (95.9) | 59 (4.1) | 64 (52.0) | 59 (48.0) | ||
| Periodontal diseases | ||||||
| No | 1,828 (96.2) | 73 (3.8) | 2.85 | 87 (54.4) | 73 (45.6) | 4.275* |
| Yes | 615 (94.6) | 35 (5.4) | 21 (37.5) | 35 (62.5) | ||
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