PDF
ePub
Citation
Print
Abstract
Objectives
To assess the absorption of a-tocopherol acetate and 18b-glycyrrhetinic acid, which are used as active ingredients in toothpaste, into a reconstructed gingival tissue.
Methods
EpiGingivalTM tissues were treated with a 25% slurry of toothpaste containing 2% a-tocopherol acetate and 0.3% 18b-glycyrrhetinic acid, for 2 minutes. The treatment was repeated up to 6 times, with 1 hour intervals. After completion of all treatments, the active ingredients in the tissue extracts and receiver solutions were measured by high performance liquid chromatography.
Results
Although a-tocopherol acetate was not detected, α-tocopherol was detected in the tissue extracts, indicating that a-tocopherol acetate was bioconverted to α-tocopherol after absorption. We could detect 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid both in the tissue extracts and in the receiver solutions, with a positive correlation to the number of treatments.
References
1. Kornman KS, Löe H. The role of local factors in the etiology of periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000. 1993; 2:93–97.
2. Sbordone L, Bortolaia C. Oral microbial biofilms and plaque-related diseases: microbial communities and their role in the shift from oral health to disease. Clin Oral Investig. 2003; 7:181–188.
3. Taubman MA, Valverde P, Han X, Kawai T. Immune response: the key to bone resorption in periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 2005; 76:2033–2041.
4. Kornman KS, Crane A, Wang HY, di Giovine FS, Newman MG, Pirk FW, et al. The interleukin-1 genotype as a severity factor in adult periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol. 1997; 24:72–77.
5. Waddington RJ, Moseley R, Embery G. Reactive oxygen species: a potential role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Oral Dis. 2000; 6:138–151.
6. Derradjia A, Alanazi H, Park HJ, Djeribi R, Semlali A, Rouabhia M. a-tocopherol decreases interleukin-1b and -6 and increases human b-defensin-1 and -2 secretion in human gingival fibroblasts stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide. J Periodontal Res. 2015; 27:Epub ahead of print.
7. Cohen ME, Meyer DM. Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation and rotational stress on alveolar bone loss in rice rats. Arch Oral Biol. 1993; 38:601–606.
8. Baljeet S, Shivani B, Rajesh G, Sachin G, Ram Rattan G. Antioxidants the new weapons in the fight against periodontal diseases. Dental Journal of Advance Studies. 2013; 1:85–90.
9. Nizam N, Discioglu F, Saygun I, Bal V, Avcu F, Ozkan CK, et al. The effect of a-tocopherol and selenium on human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament fibroblasts in vitro. J Periodonto. 2014; 85:636–644.
10. Szuwart T, Brzoska T, Luger TA, Filler T, Peuker E, Dierichs R. Vitamin E reduces platelet adhesion to human endothelial cells in vitro. Am J Hematol. 2000; 65:1–4.
11. Calzada C, Bruckdorfer KR, Rice-Evans CA. The influence of anti-oxidant nutrients on platelet function in healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis. 1997; 128:97–105.
12. Kim SR, Jeon HJ, Park HJ, Kim MK, Choi WS, Jang HO, et al. Glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-induced vascular permeability via the suppression of interleukin-8. Inflamm Res. 2013; 62:145–154.
13. Boisnic S, Ben Slama L, Branchet-Gumila MC, Watts M, d’Arros G. Anti-inflammatory effect of enoxolone in an ex-vivo human gingival mucosa model. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 2010; 111:69–73.
14. Salari MH, Kadkhoda Z. In vitro antibacterial effects of glycyrrhetinic acid on periodontopathogenic and capnophilic bacteria isolated from adult periodontitis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003; 9:987–988.
15. Mohammad HS, Nasralah S, Zainab K, Mohammad BK. Antibacterial effects of enoxolone on periodontopathogenic and capnophilic bacteria isolated from specimens of periodontitis patients. Iranian Biomedical Journal. 2003; 7:39–42.
16. Sasaki H, Suzuki N, Alshwaimi E, Xu Y, Battaglino R, Morse L, et al. 18b-glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits periodontitis via glucocorticoid-independent nuclear factor-κB inactivation in interleukin-10-deficient mice. J Periodontal Res. 2010; 45:757–763.
17. Moharamzadeh K, Franklin KL, Brook IM, van Noort R. Biologic assessment of antiseptic mouthwashes using a three-dimensional human oral mucosal model. J Periodontol. 2009; 80:769–775.
18. Yang J, Deol G, Myangar N. Retention of o-cymen-5-ol and zinc on reconstructed human gingival tissue from a toothpaste formulation. Int Dent J. 2011; 61:41–45.
19. Shim JY, Yim SB, Chung JH, Hong KS. Antiplaque and antigingivitis effects of a mouthrinse containing cetylpyridinium chloride, triclosan and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate. J Periodontal Implant Sci. 2012; 42:33–38.
20. Garcia N, Doucet O, Bayer M, Fouchard D, Zastrow L, Marty JP. Characterization of the barrier function in a reconstituted human epidermis cultivated in chemically defined medium. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2002; 24:25–34.
21. Mavon A, Raufast V, Redoulès D. Skin absorption and metabolism of a new vitamin E prodrug, delta-tocopherol-glucoside: in vitro evaluation in human skin models. J Control Release. 2004; 100:221–231.
22. Shiratori T. Uptake, storage and excretion of chylomicra-bound 3H-alpha-tocopherol by the skin of the rat. Life Sci. 1974; 14:929–935.
Fig. 1.
HPLC analysis. (A) α-tocopherol acetate (B) α-tocopherol (C)18β-glycyrrhetinic acid and (D) dipotassium glycyrrhizate. The top figures represent standards and the bottom ones represent the test samples. Arrows are the peaks of the target materials.
Fig. 2.
Absorption and metabolism of α-tocopherol acetate. Toothpaste slurries were treated onto the EpiGingivalTM surfaces for 2 minutes. Treatments were repeated 2, 4, or 6 times. After all treatment, α-tocopherol (α-Toc) was measured by HPLC.
XML Download