PDF
ePub
Citation
Print
Abstract
Objectives
The aim of this study was to examine the association between depressive symptoms and periodontal diseases in a representative group of adults.
Methods
A total of 4,892 subjects were included in the study. Periodontal disease was assessed using the Community Periodontal Index. The PHQ-9 scale was used to evaluate depression. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the Odds Ratio (OR) for periodontal disease with a 95% confidence interval (CI).
Results
The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 93.4 in the normal group (PHQ-9≤9) and 6.6 in the group with depressive symptoms (PHQ-9≥10). On dividing the group with depressive symptoms by gender, the OR for periodontal disease was 1.13 (95% CI=0.82-1.56). On dividing the normal group by gender and educational level, the OR was 0.96 (95% CI=0.69-1.34). Thus, no significant difference was found between the groups.
References
1. Sundararajan S, Muthukumar S, Rao SR. Relationship between depression and chronic periodontitis. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2015; 19:294–296.
2. Burt B. Position paper: epidemiology of periodontal diseases. J Peri-odontol. 2005; 76:1406–1419.
3. Johannsen A, Rydmark I, Söder B, Asberg M. Gingival inflammation, increased periodontal pocket depth and elevated interleukin 6 in gingival crevicular fluid of depressed women on long term sick leave. J Periodontal Res. 2007; 42:546–552.
4. Wulsin LR. Does depression kill? Arch intern med. 2000; 160:1731–1732.
5. Cho MJ, Park JI, Bae A, Bae JS, Son JU, An JH, et al. The Epidemiological Survey of Mental Disorders in Korea. Seoul: Seoul National University;2011. p. 1–383.
6. Suls J, Bunde J. Anger, anxiety, and depression as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the problems and implications of overlapping affective dispositions. Psychol Bull. 2005; 131:260–300.
7. Wittchen HU, Jacobi F. Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe-a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies. Eur Neuropsy-chopharmacol. 2005; 15:357–376.
8. Boyapati L, Wang HL. The role of stress in periodontal disease and wound healing. Periodontol 2000. 2007; 44:195–210.
9. Kurer JR, Watts TL, Weinman J, Gower DB. Psychological mood of regular dental attenders in relation to oral hygiene behaviour and gingival health. J Clin Periodontol. 1995; 22:52–55.
10. Breslau N, Kilbey MM, Andreski P. Nicotine dependence and major depression: new evidence from a prospective investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993; 50:31–35.
11. Marmorstein NR. Longitudinal associations between alcohol problems and depressive symptoms: early adolescence through early adulthood. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009; 33:49–59.
12. Irwin M, Patterson T, Smith TL, Caldwell C, Brown SA, Gillin JC, et al. Reduction of immune function in life stress and depression. Biol psychiatry. 1990; 27:22–30.
13. Cho MJ, Ma JK. Relationship between the number of remaining teeth and depression in Korean adults. J Korean Soc Dent Hyg. 2016; 16:19–25.
14. Park MS. The relationship between oral health behavior and depressive symptomsin Korean elderly[Master’s thesis]. Seoul: Hanyang University;2016. [Korean].
15. Kim JY. The relationship between oral discomfort and depression in elderly people[Master’s thesis]. Jeonju: Chonbuk National Univer-sity;2016. [Korean].
16. Yoon SY, Lim JH, Han CS. Rating scales for measurement-based clinical practice of depression. Korean J Osychopharmacol. 2012; 23:136–146.
17. An JY, Seo ER, Lim KH, Shin JH, Kim JB. Standardization of the Korean version of Screening Tool for Depression(Patient Health Questionnaire-9, PHQ-9). J Korean Soc Biol Ther Psychiatry. 2013; 19:47–56.
18. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001; 16:606–613.
19. Park SJ, Choi HR, Choi JH, Kim KW, Hong JP. Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the patient health questionnaire-9(PHQ-9). Anxiety and Mood. 2010; 6:119–122.
20. Genuth S, Alberti KG, Bennett P, Buse J, Defronzo R, Kahn R, et al. Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26:3160–3167.
21. Peeran SW, Kumar NP, Azaruk FA, Alsaid FM, Abealla KA, Mugrabi MH, et al. Association between mental well-being, depression, and periodontal attachment level among young adults of the postwar Sebha city, Libya: A pilot study. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2014; 5:308–312.
22. Delgado-Angulo EK, Sabbah W, Suominen AL, Vehkalahti MM, Knuuttila M, Partonen T, et al. The association of depression and anxiety with dental caries and periodontal disease among Finnish adults. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2015; 43:540–549.
23. Persson GR, Persson RE, MacEntee CI, Wyatt CC, Hollender LG, Ki-yak HA. Periodontitis and perceived risk for periodontitis in elders with evidence of depression. J Clin Periodontol. 2003; 30:691–696.
24. Ababneh KT, Al Shaar MB, Taani DQ. Depressive symptoms in relation to periodontal health in a Jordanian sample. Int J Dent Hyg. 2010; 8:16–21.
25. Castro GD, Oppermann RV, Haas AN, Winter R, Alchieri JC. Association between psychosocial factors and periodontitis: a case-control study. J Clin Periodontol. 2006; 33:109–114.
26. Genco RJ, HO AW, Grossi SG, Dunford RG, Tedesco LA. Relationship of stress, distress and inadequate coping behaviors to periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 1999; 70:711–723.
27. Brennan-Calanan RM, Genco RJ, Wilding GE, Hovey KM, Trevisan M, Wactawski-Wende J. Osteoporosis and oral Infection: Independent risk factors for oral bone loss. J Dent Res. 2008; 87:323–327.
28. O’Neil A, Berk M, Venugopal K, Kim SW, Williams LJ, Jacka FN. The association between poor dental health and depression: findings from a large-scale, population-based study (the NHANES study). Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014; 36:266–270.
29. Bae KY, Kim JM, Yoon JS. Depression and Coronary Artery Disease(I): Pathophysiologic Mechanisms. Korean J Biol Psychiatry. 2008; 15:275–287.
30. Anttila S, Knuuttila M, Ylostalo P, Joukamaa M. Symptoms of depression and anxiety in relation to dental health behavior and self-perceived dental treatment need. Eur J Oral Sci. 2006; 114:109–114.
31. Rosania AE, Low KG, McCormick CM, Rosania DA. Stress, depression, cortisol, and periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 2009; 80:260–266.
Table 1.
Distribution of periodontal diseases of the subjects
Table 2.
Demographic characteristics of adults in South Korea, 2014
Table 3.
The ORs and 95% CIs of periodontal disease according to depressive symptoms
| Variable | No depressive symptoms | Depressive symptoms |
|---|---|---|
| No. of cases | 1,297 | 88 |
| Sex-adjusted OR (95% CI) | ref* | 1.13 (0.82-1.56) |
| Multivariate model ORa (95% CI) | ref* | 0.96 (0.69-1.34) |
XML Download