Relationship between metabolic syndrome components and periodontal health determined using a self-reported questionnaire

Min-Jeong Cho; Jee-Seon Shim; Hyeon-Chang Kim; Keun-Bae Song; Youn-Hee Choi

doi:10.11149/jkaoh.2016.40.4.231

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Cho, Shim, Kim, Song, and Choi: Relationship between metabolic syndrome components and periodontal health determined using a self-reported questionnaire

Original Article

J Korean Acad Oral Health 2016;40(4):231-237.

Published online: 15 December 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.11149/jkaoh.2016.40.4.231

Relationship between metabolic syndrome components and periodontal health determined using a self-reported questionnaire

Min-Jeong Cho¹, Jee-Seon Shim^2,³, Hyeon-Chang Kim^2,³, Keun-Bae Song¹, Youn-Hee Choi^1,

¹Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kyungpook National University School of Dentistry, Daegu, Korea

²Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

³Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding Author: Youn-Hee Choi Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kyungpook National University School of Dentistry, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu Daegu 41940, Korea Tel: +82-53-660-6875 Fax: +82-53-423-2947 E-mail: cyh1001@knu.ac.kr

Received 1 October 2016 Revised 2 December 2016 Accepted 12 December 2016

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

Many recent studies have suggested that several systemic conditions, such as obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes, are related to periodontitis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether any particular metabolic syndrome component correlates with the periodontal status.

Methods

This study analyzed data from 501 adults (age range, 30 to 64 years) who completed a general physical examination and an oral-health-related questionnaire between January 2014 and June 2014. Periodontitis was already used by the validity and reliability has been proven questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between metabolic syndrome and the presence of chronic periodontitis.

Results

Among the 501 participants, 81 (16.2%) had metabolic syndrome and 91 (18.2%) had chronic periodontitis. The prevalence of chronic periodontitis was 28.40% (23/81) and 16.19% (68/420) in the participants with and without metabolic syndrome, respectively. The association remained significant after adjusting for sex, age, education, income, occupation, and smoking status; the adjusted odds ratio was 2.03 (95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 3.71).

Conclusions

A significant association exists between metabolic syndrome components and the periodontal status.

Keywords: Metabolic syndrome, Periodontal health, Self-reported questionnaire

References

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Table 1.

Components of metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome components	Normal	Abnormal	Number of metabolic syndrome components	N
Metabolic syndrome components	N (%)	N (%)	Number of metabolic syndrome components	N
Waist circumference (cm)	407 (81.2)	94 (18.8)	0	46
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)	126 (25.1)	375 (74.9)	1	260
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl)	434 (86.6)	67 (13.4)	2	114
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	405 (80.8)	96 (19.2)	3	66
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	414 (82.6)	87 (17.4)	4	12
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	424 (84.6)	77 (15.4)	5	3

Table 2.

General characteristics and components of metabolic syndrome according to suspected periodontitis

Variables	Total N=501	Suspected periodontitis		P-value
		Yes N=91 (%)	No N=410 (%)

Age
30-49	163 (32.5)	17 (10.4)	146 (89.6)
50-59	269 (53.7)	59 (21.9)	210 (78.1)	0.008*
≥60	69 (13.8)	15 (21.7)	54 (78.3)
Gender
Male	136 (27.1)	37 (27.2)	99 (72.8)	0.001*
Female	365 (72.9)	54 (14.8)	311 (85.2)	0.001*
Education
Middle school or lower	94 (18.8)	24 (25.5)	70 (74.5)
High school	200 (39.9)	36 (18.0)	164 (82.0)	0.088
College or higher	207 (41.3)	31 (15.0)	176 (85.0)	0.088
Income
Low	103 (20.6)	26 (25.2)	77 (74.8)
Middle-low	219 (43.7)	45 (20.5)	174 (79.5)	0.015*
Middle-high	160 (31.9)	17 (10.6)	143 (89.4)	0.015*
High	19 (3.8)	3 (15.8)	16 (84.2)
Occupation
Managers or professions	108 (21.6)	15 (13.9)	93 (86.1)
Office	48 (9.6)	7 (14.6)	41 (85.4)
Service	88 (17.6)	21 (23.9)	67 (76.1)	0.200
Housewife	172 (34.2)	27 (15.7)	145 (84.3)	0.200
Unemployed	16 (3.2)	3 (18.8)	13 (81.3)
Others	69 (13.8)	18 (26.1)	51 (73.9)
Smoking habits
Never	385 (76.8)	58 (15.1)	327 (84.9)	0.001*
Experienced	116 (23.2)	33 (28.4)	83 (71.6)	0.001*
Metabolic syndrome components
Waist circumference (cm)	79.11±8.47	80.84±8.23	78.72±6.77	0.031^†
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)	56.67±14.38	55.57±14.44	56.91±8.49	0.422
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl)	90.94±14.79	93.96±18.19	90.27±14.37	0.071
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	117.34±78.53	136.22±102.72	113.15±13.87	0.044^†
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	117.43±31.07	117.30±17.58	117.46±71.56	0.964
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	74.60±9.38	75.84±9.39	74.32±33.35	0.165

*P-value determined by chi-square test.

^† P-value determined by t-test.

Table 3.

Logistic regression analysis of metabolic syndrome and suspected periodontitis

Variable	N	People with periodontitis	OR (95% CI) for suspected periodontitis
Variable	N	People with periodontitis	Unadjusted	Adjusted for sex and age	Adjusted for multiple covariates*
Metabolic syndrome
No	420	68 (74.7)	ref.	ref.	ref.
Yes	81	23 (25.3)	2.05 (1.19-3.55)	2.05 (1.16-3.64)	2.03 (1.11-3.71)
Abdominal obesity
No	407	69 (75.8)	ref.	ref.	ref.
Yes	94	22 (24.2)	1.50 (0.87-2.58)	1.39 (0.79-2.45)	1.39 (0.77-2.51)
Low HDL cholesterolemia
No	126	23 (25.3)	ref.	ref.	ref.
Yes	375	68 (74.7)	0.99 (0.59-1.67)	1.03 (0.60-1.76)	0.99 (0.57-1.72)
Hyperglycemia
No	434	74 (81.3)	ref.	ref.	ref.
Yes	67	17 (18.7)	1.65 (0.90-3.03)	1.67 (0.90-3.12)	1.70 (0.88-3.28)
Hypertriglyceridemia
No	405	68 (74.7)	ref.	ref.	ref.
Yes	96	23 (25.3)	1.56 (0.91-2.67)	1.50 (0.86-2.60)	1.50 (0.85-2.67)
Hypertension
No	384	64 (70.3)	ref.	ref.	ref.
Yes	117	27 (29.7)	1.50 (0.90-2.49)	1.40 (0.83-2.37)	1.43 (0.83-2.48)

95% CI: Confidence interval, OR: Odds ratio. *Adjusted for sex, age, education, income, occupation and smoking habits.

Table 4.

Sex-specific association between metabolic syndrome and suspected periodontitis

Variable	Man		Women
Variable	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)*	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)*
Metabolic syndrome
No	ref.		ref.
Yes	1.48 (0.63-3.46)	1.52 (0.60-3.81)	2.18 (1.05-4.53)	2.50 (1.10-5.72)
Abdominal obesity
No	ref.		ref.
Yes	1.57 (0.67-3.697)	1.40 (0.54-3.63)	1.30 (0.63-2.70)	1.400 (0.636-3.083)
Low HDL cholesterolemia
No	ref.		ref.
Yes	2.40 (0.85-6.80)	2.69 (0.88-8.19)	0.65 (0.35-1.21)	0.578 (0.295-1.131)
Hyperglycemia
No	ref.		ref.
Yes	1.67 (0.66-4.19)	1.86 (0.66-5.27)	1.42 (0.62-3.25)	1.503 (0.612-3.691)
Hypertriglyceridemia
No	ref.		ref.
Yes	1.42 (0.62-3.24)	1.31 (0.54-3.18)	1.40 (0.68-2.91)	1.578 (0.723-3.444)
Hypertension
No	ref.		ref.
Yes	0.62 (0.27-1.43)	0.66 (0.27-1.63)	2.24 (1.17-4.27)*	2.513 (1.237-5.106)*

95% CI: Confidence interval, OR: Odds ratio. *Adjusted for age, education, income, occupation and smoking habits.

Table 5.

Age-specific association between metabolic syndrome and suspected periodontitis

Variable	Age (30-49)		Age (50-59)		Age (≥60)
Variable	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)*	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)*	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)*
Metabolic syndrome
No	ref.		ref.		ref.
Yes	6.02 (2.10-17.22)*	4.87 (1.14-20.77)*	1.89 (0.88-4.04)	1.86 (0.82-4.25)	0.68 (0.138-3.49)	0.54 (0.08-3.66)
Abdominal obesity
No	ref.		ref.		ref.
Yes	3.95 (1.36-11.47)*	3.33 (0.95-11.71)	1.02 (0.47-2.21)	0.98 (0.43-2.27)	1.30 (0.38-4.44)	1.02 (0.21-4.96)
Low HDL cholesterolemia
No	ref.		ref.		ref.
Yes	2.19 (0.48-10.07)	0.86 (0.16-4.67)	1.00 (0.52-1.92)	1.02 (0.52-2.01)	0.63 (0.18-2.20)	0.46 (0.10-2.20)
Hyperglycemia
No	ref.		ref.		ref.
Yes	4.68 (1.59-13.77)*	3.01 (0.76-11.99)	1.28 (0.54-3.02)	1.27 (0.51-3.19)	0.89 (0.17-4.69)	0.46 (0.05-3.99)
Hypertriglyceridemia
No	ref.		ref.		ref.
Yes	3.92 (1.39-11.08)*	3.94 (1.03-15.04)*	1.50 (0.75-3.03)	1.50 (0.72-3.15)	0.31 (0.04-2.68)	0.39 (0.04-4.06)
Hypertension
No	ref.		ref.		ref.
Yes	0.87 (0.27-2.85)	0.26 (0.05-1.27)	2.08 (1.09-3.98)*	2.06 (1.03-4.08)*	1.15 (0.31-4.22)	1.86 (0.37-9.36)

95% CI: Confidence interval, OR: Odds ratio. *Adjusted for sex, education, income, occupation and smoking habits.

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