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Cho, Paik, and Han: Effectiveness of a baking soda dentifrice on gingivitis and tooth surface
Original Article

J Korean Acad Oral Health 2015;39(2):95-101.

Published online: 12 June 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.11149/jkaoh.2015.39.2.95

Effectiveness of a baking soda dentifrice on gingivitis and tooth surface

Hyun-Jae Cho, Dai-Il Paik, Dong-Hun Han

Department of Preventive & Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding Author: Dong-Hun Han Department of Preventive & Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 28 Yeongeon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-749, Korea Tel: +82-2-740-8780 Fax: +82-2-765-1722 E-mail: dhhan73@snu.ac.kr

Received 13 February 2015       Revised 26 May 2015       Accepted 8 June 2015

Copyright © 2015 Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

To evaluate the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate dentifrices in reducing gingivitis and tooth abrasiveness and improving tooth gloss, as compared to a conventional fluoride/silica-containing dentifrice.

Methods

In this double-blinded, randomized clinical study with a paralleled design, 73 healthy adult volunteers (age, 18-39 years), with more than 20 teeth were selected and randomly allocated to the following groups: a control group, a 35% baking soda group, and a 65% baking soda group. Professional plaque controls were provided to all subjects and the same control dentifrice was used for 14 days. At baseline, all subjects received an assigned dentifrice and were instructed to brush three times daily. The tooth gloss and gingival bleeding index were measured at baseline, 45, and 90 days. For measuring surface roughness, toothbrushes were replaced with electronic tooth-brushing machines, and the bovine specimen was brushed via 10,000 horizontal shuttle movements. The surface roughness was measured by a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM; Carl Zeiss, LSM-5 Pascal, Germany) Each variable was analyzed by the paired t-test, and change in each variable among groups was analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Reliability of the gloss was analyzed by an intra-class correlation coefficient.

Results

Compared to the controls, the 65% sodium bicarbonate dentifrice group showed significant improvement with regard to the tooth gloss for 90 days as well as a significant inhibitory effect on gingivitis; the 35% sodium bicarbonate dentifrice group, however, showed no inhibitory effect on gingivitis. The relative roughness of the tooth surface in the dentifrices of both the sodium bicarbonate dentifrice groups was significantly low. Further, there was no significant difference with the distilled water group.

Conclusions

The sodium bicarbonate dentifrice has an inhibitory effect on gingivitis. Further, this dentifrice showed low abrasiveness and a glossing effect on teeth.

Keywords: Sodium bicarbonate, Baking soda dentifrice, Gingivitis, Gloss

References

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Fig. 1.
Glossguide: From the left side to the right side, the roughness decrease and the gloss increase.
jkaoh-39-95f1.tif
Table 1.
Age and gender of subjects by experimental groups
Group N Age Gender P-value**
Mean S.D. P-value* Male Female
n % n %
Control 24 26.58 4.91 10 41.7 14 58.3
35% Baking soda 22 26.91 3.68 0.881 10 45.5 12 54.5 0.964
65% Baking soda 27 27.19 4.10 12 44.4 15 55.6

*Calculated by one-way analysis of variance, **Calculated by Chi-square test.

Table 2.
Main components of dentifrices by groups
Group Main components (%)
Control Sodium bicarbonate (0%), Monofluorosodium
phosphate (0.75%), Tocopherol acetate (0.2%),
Cetylpyridium chloride (0.05%),
α-alumina trihydrate (20%)
35% Baking soda Sodium bicarbonate (35%), Sodium fluoride (0.22%),
Hydrated silicon dioxide (10%)
65% Baking soda Sodium bicarbonate (65%), Sodium fluoride (0.2%)
Table 3.
Reliability of gloss guide
Comparisons Before ICC
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 Total
After 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.886
3.5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 (0.797-0.936)
4 0 0 7 1 5 0 0 13
4.5 0 0 2 10 2 0 0 14
5 0 0 0 2 6 2 0 10
5.5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
6 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 7
Total 2 0 10 13 15 5 3 48

ICC: intra-class correlation coefficient.

Table 4.
Change of tooth surface gloss by group during 90 days
Group Baseline 45 days 90 days P**
Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D.
Control 4.07 1.33 4.03 1.32 4.35 1.21 <0.001
35% Baking soda 4.35 1.06 4.23 1.12 4.59 0.73
65% Baking soda 4.06 1.42 4.34 0.97 4.78* 0.80

P<0.05 paired t-test from baseline, **Repeated measures analysis of variance about Within time factor.

Table 5.
Trend of gingival bleeding index during 90 days
Group Baseline 45 days 90 days P**
Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D.
Controla 1.92 1.89 5.46* 4.93 6.46* 6.69
35% Baking sodaa,b 2.00 2.53 5.18* 3.95 4.36* 3.79 <0.001
65% Baking sodab 3.56 4.29 5.00 4.70 4.48 4.65

*P<0.05 paired t-test from baseline, **Repeated measures analysis of variance about Within time factor.

a ,bDifferent characters mean significant difference between groups by Schffe post-hoc analysis.

Table 6.
Hardness and surface roughness at baseline, and surface roughness after toothbrushing by groups
Group N Hardness at baseline Surface roughness at baseline Surface roughness after toothbrushing
Mean S.D. P-value* Mean S.D. P-value* Mean S.D. P-value**
Control 12 52.84 9.18 0.999 0.67 0.09 0.888 3.91a 1.99 <0.001
35% Baking soda 12 52.92 8.74 0.68 0.15 1.11b 0.59
65% Baking soda 11 53.19 9.04 0.64 0.08 0.74b 0.21
Distilled water 12 53.20 8.45 0.68 0.16 1.45b 2.25

*Calculated by one-way analysis of variance, **Calculated by One-way analysis of variance from change of surface roughness.

a ,bDifferent characters mean significant difference between groups by Schffe post-hoc analysis.

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