Journal List > J Korean Acad Oral Health > v.39(2) > 1057677

Cho, Paik, and Han: Effectiveness of a baking soda dentifrice on gingivitis and tooth surface

Abstract

Objectives

To evaluate the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate dentifrices in reducing gingivitis and tooth abrasiveness and improving tooth gloss, as compared to a conventional fluoride/silica-containing dentifrice.

Methods

In this double-blinded, randomized clinical study with a paralleled design, 73 healthy adult volunteers (age, 18-39 years), with more than 20 teeth were selected and randomly allocated to the following groups: a control group, a 35% baking soda group, and a 65% baking soda group. Professional plaque controls were provided to all subjects and the same control dentifrice was used for 14 days. At baseline, all subjects received an assigned dentifrice and were instructed to brush three times daily. The tooth gloss and gingival bleeding index were measured at baseline, 45, and 90 days. For measuring surface roughness, toothbrushes were replaced with electronic tooth-brushing machines, and the bovine specimen was brushed via 10,000 horizontal shuttle movements. The surface roughness was measured by a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM; Carl Zeiss, LSM-5 Pascal, Germany) Each variable was analyzed by the paired t-test, and change in each variable among groups was analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Reliability of the gloss was analyzed by an intra-class correlation coefficient.

Results

Compared to the controls, the 65% sodium bicarbonate dentifrice group showed significant improvement with regard to the tooth gloss for 90 days as well as a significant inhibitory effect on gingivitis; the 35% sodium bicarbonate dentifrice group, however, showed no inhibitory effect on gingivitis. The relative roughness of the tooth surface in the dentifrices of both the sodium bicarbonate dentifrice groups was significantly low. Further, there was no significant difference with the distilled water group.

Conclusions

The sodium bicarbonate dentifrice has an inhibitory effect on gingivitis. Further, this dentifrice showed low abrasiveness and a glossing effect on teeth.

References

1. Mosby . Mosby’s Medical Dictionay. 8th ed.Elsevier;2009.
2. Norman OH, Franklin G-G, Christine NN. Primary Prventive Den-stiry. 7th ed.New Jersey: PEARSON;2009. p. 145.
3. Shibly O, Ciancio SG, Kazmierczak M, Cohen RE, Mather ML, Ho A, et al. Clinical evaluation of the effect of a hydrogen peroxide mouth rinse, sodium bicarbonate dentifrice, and mouth moisturizer on oral health. J Clin Dent. 1997; 8:145–149.
4. Goldberg HJ, Enslein K. Effects of an experimental sodium bicarbonate dentifrice on gingivitis and plaque formation: I. In adults. Clin Prev Dent. 1979; 1:12–16.
5. Winer RA, Tsamtsouris A. Effects of an experimental sodium bicarbonate dentifrice on gingivitis and plaque formation: II. In teenaged students. Clin Prev Dent. 1979; 1:17–18.
6. DeVizio W, Petrone M, Volpe A, Mankodi S, Stone C, Petrone D. An-ticalculus efficacy of a tartar control dentifrices containing sodium bicarbonate and calcium peroxide. J Dent Res. 1996; 75:3302–3302.
7. Ghassemi A, Vorwerk LM, Hooper WJ, Putt MS, Milleman KR. A four-week clinical study to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of a baking soda dentifrice and an antimicrobial dentifrice in reducing plaque. J Clin Dent. 2008; 19:120–126.
8. Putt MS, Milleman KR, Ghassemi A, Vorwerk LM, Hooper WJ, Soparkar PM, et al. Enhancement of plaque removal efficacy by tooth brushing with baking soda dentifrices: results of five clinical studies. J Clin Dent. 2008; 19:111–119.
9. Buchanan S, Taggart EJ, Armitage G, Hoover CI, Robertson P, New-brun E. Effect of sodium bicarbonate dentifrice and root planing on patients with periodontitis. J Dent Res. 1986; 65:271.
10. Munoz CA, Stephens JA, Proskin HM, Ghassemi A. Clinical efficacy evaluation of calcium, phosphate, and sodium bicarbonate on surface-enamel smoothness and gloss. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2004; 25:32–39.
11. Kleber CJ, Moore MH, Nelson BJ. Laboratory assessment of tooth whitening by sodium bicarbonate dentifrices. J Clin Dent. 1998; 9:72–75.
12. Moon HS, Park DY, Jung SH, Paik DI, Kim JB, Lee JS, et al. A clinical study of toothpaste containing sodium bicarbonate on the prevention of gingivitis. J Korean Acad Oral Health. 1996; 20:353–360.
13. Turesky S, Gilmore ND, Glickman I. Reduced plaque formation by the chloromethyl analogue of victamine C. J Periodontol. 1970; 41:41–43.
crossref
14. Sturzenberger OP, Beiswanger BB, King JD. Method for the clinical evaluation of enamel polish. J Dent Res. 1975; 54:931–937.
crossref
15. Lang NP, Tonetti MS. Periodontal diagnosis in treated periodontitis. Why, when and how to use clinical parameters. J Clin Periodontol. 1996; 23:240–250.
crossref
16. The Korea Economic Daily, News [Internet]. [cited 2015 April 04]. Available from:. http://www.hankyung.com/news/app/newsview.php?aid=2010011926931.
17. Shin SC, Suh HS, Hong JS, Kim EJ, Suh EJ. Gingival effect of the dentifrice with pine & bamboo and chitosan. J Kor Acad Dent Hyg Edu. 2001; 1:77–87.
18. Kleber CJ, Putt MS, Milleman JL, Davidson KR, Proskin HM. An evaluation of sodium bicarbonate chewing gum in reducing dental plaque and gingivitis in conjunction with regular toothbrushing. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2001; 22:4–12.
19. Munoz CA, Feller R, Haglund A, Triol CW, Winston AE. Strengthening of tooth enamel by a remineralizing toothpaste after exposure to an acidic soft drink. J Clin Dent. 1999; 10:17–21.
20. Poulsen S, Budtz-Jorgensen E, Knudsen AM, Nielsen L, Kelstrup J. Evaluation of two methods of scoring denture plaque. Acta Odontol Scand. 1983; 41:283–286.
crossref

Fig. 1.
Glossguide: From the left side to the right side, the roughness decrease and the gloss increase.
jkaoh-39-95f1.tif
Table 1.
Age and gender of subjects by experimental groups
Group N Age Gender P-value**
Mean S.D. P-value* Male Female
n % n %
Control 24 26.58 4.91 10 41.7 14 58.3
35% Baking soda 22 26.91 3.68 0.881 10 45.5 12 54.5 0.964
65% Baking soda 27 27.19 4.10 12 44.4 15 55.6

*Calculated by one-way analysis of variance, **Calculated by Chi-square test.

Table 2.
Main components of dentifrices by groups
Group Main components (%)
Control Sodium bicarbonate (0%), Monofluorosodium
phosphate (0.75%), Tocopherol acetate (0.2%),
Cetylpyridium chloride (0.05%),
α-alumina trihydrate (20%)
35% Baking soda Sodium bicarbonate (35%), Sodium fluoride (0.22%),
Hydrated silicon dioxide (10%)
65% Baking soda Sodium bicarbonate (65%), Sodium fluoride (0.2%)
Table 3.
Reliability of gloss guide
Comparisons Before ICC
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 Total
After 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.886
3.5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 (0.797-0.936)
4 0 0 7 1 5 0 0 13
4.5 0 0 2 10 2 0 0 14
5 0 0 0 2 6 2 0 10
5.5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
6 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 7
Total 2 0 10 13 15 5 3 48

ICC: intra-class correlation coefficient.

Table 4.
Change of tooth surface gloss by group during 90 days
Group Baseline 45 days 90 days P**
Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D.
Control 4.07 1.33 4.03 1.32 4.35 1.21 <0.001
35% Baking soda 4.35 1.06 4.23 1.12 4.59 0.73
65% Baking soda 4.06 1.42 4.34 0.97 4.78* 0.80

P<0.05 paired t-test from baseline, **Repeated measures analysis of variance about Within time factor.

Table 5.
Trend of gingival bleeding index during 90 days
Group Baseline 45 days 90 days P**
Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D.
Controla 1.92 1.89 5.46* 4.93 6.46* 6.69
35% Baking sodaa,b 2.00 2.53 5.18* 3.95 4.36* 3.79 <0.001
65% Baking sodab 3.56 4.29 5.00 4.70 4.48 4.65

*P<0.05 paired t-test from baseline, **Repeated measures analysis of variance about Within time factor.

a ,bDifferent characters mean significant difference between groups by Schffe post-hoc analysis.

Table 6.
Hardness and surface roughness at baseline, and surface roughness after toothbrushing by groups
Group N Hardness at baseline Surface roughness at baseline Surface roughness after toothbrushing
Mean S.D. P-value* Mean S.D. P-value* Mean S.D. P-value**
Control 12 52.84 9.18 0.999 0.67 0.09 0.888 3.91a 1.99 <0.001
35% Baking soda 12 52.92 8.74 0.68 0.15 1.11b 0.59
65% Baking soda 11 53.19 9.04 0.64 0.08 0.74b 0.21
Distilled water 12 53.20 8.45 0.68 0.16 1.45b 2.25

*Calculated by one-way analysis of variance, **Calculated by One-way analysis of variance from change of surface roughness.

a ,bDifferent characters mean significant difference between groups by Schffe post-hoc analysis.

TOOLS
Similar articles