Risk factors of periodontal disease in Korean adults

Young-Soon Won; Choong-Ho Choi; Han-Na OH

doi:10.11149/jkaoh.2014.38.3.176

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Won, Choi, and OH: Risk factors of periodontal disease in Korean adults

Original Article

J Korean Acad Oral Health 2014;38(3):176-183.

Published online: 12 September 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.11149/jkaoh.2014.38.3.176

Risk factors of periodontal disease in Korean adults

Young-Soon Won¹, Choong-Ho Choi^2,³, Han-Na OH¹

¹Dental Hygiene, Wonkwang Health Science University, Iksan, Korea

²Department of Preventive & Public Health Dentistry, Chonnam National University School of Dentistry, Gwanju, Korea

³Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University School of Dentistry, Gwanju, Korea

Corresponding Author: Han-Na OH Department of Dental Hygiene, Wonkwang Health Science University, 514 Iksandae-ro, Iksan 570-750, Korea Tel: +82-63-840-1279 Fax: +82-63-840-1269 E-mail: ohn326@wu.ac.kr

Received 18 August 2014 Revised 23 September 2014 Accepted 30 September 2014

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to examine the risk factors for periodontal diseases in Korean adults.

Methods

In this study, raw data obtained from the third year of the 5^th National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2012) were used. The data were collected from 5,513 Korean adults, aged ≥19 years. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval in order to ascertain the factors influencing periodontal diseases.

Results

Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to verify the risk factors responsible for periodontal diseases in Korean adults in 2012. After all factors were adjusted for, the following were identified as the only risk factors for periodontal diseases: sex, age, income level, educational level, occupation, history of smoking and alcohol consumption, usual stress recognition level, diabetes, self-assessed oral health, and daily tooth brushing frequency.

Conclusions

The results of this study revealed that sociodemographic characteristics, health behavior and status, self-assessed oral health, and oral health were the factors that affect periodontal diseases.

Keywords: Korean adults, Periodontal disease, Risk factors

References

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Table 1.

Demographics and Socioeconomic Status and Periodontal disease

Variables	Periodontal disease		P
Variables	No	Yes	P
Gender			0.000
Male	1567 (72.9)	733 (27.1)
Female	2512 (81.7)	701 (18.3)
Age			0.000
19-39	1494 (93.2)	110 (6.8)
40-59	1458 (69.9)	581 (30.1)
≥60	1127 (60.1)	743 (39.9)
Income			0.000
Low	913 (73.5)	415 (26.5)
Middle-low	990 (75.6)	378 (24.4)
Middle-high	1009 (79.2)	340 (20.8)
High	1112 (82.6)	276 (17.4)
Education level			0.000
≤Primary school	736 (58.0)	540 (42.0)
Secondary school	346 (61.8)	223 (38.2)
High school	1425 (81.7)	362 (18.3)
≥University or College	1405 (87.0)	224 (13.0)
Occupation			0.000
Managers, experts, relevant workers	601 (87.6)	91 (12.4)
Clerks	385 (87.4)	60 (12.6)
Service & sales workers	487 (79.2)	150 (20.8)
Skilled workers in agriculture, forestry and fishery	182 (43.1)	209 (56.9)
Technicians, workers of device·machine manipulation and assembly	311 (67.9)	151 (32.1)
Simple labor workers	324 (74.1)	142 (25.9)
Jobless (Housewife, students, etc.)	1618 (78.8)	545 (21.2)

*by chi-square test.

^† Values are Number (%).

^‡ Numbers may not sum to total due to missing information.

Table 2.

Health Behaviors, Health Status and Periodontal disease

Variables	Periodontal disease		P
Variables	No	Yes	P
Appearance of smoking for the whole life			0.000
<5 pack	121 (86.0)	24 (14.0)
≥5 pack	1274 (71.0)	638 (29.0)
Non smoker	2516 (82.0)	684 (18.0)
Drinking			0.000
No	477 (67.6)	244 (32.4)
Yes	3435 (78.6)	1103 (21.4)
BMI			0.000
Underweight	202 (88.1)	41 (11.9)
Normal	2611 (78.7)	853 (21.3)
Obesity	1233 (72.9)	538 (27.1)
The level of stress recognition			0.000
Feel quite heavy stress	161 (78.3)	51 (21.7)
Tend to feel heavy stress	890 (82.1)	233 (17.9)
Tend to feel a little stress	2338 (77.9)	782 (22.1)
Feel little stress.	520 (67.4)	278 (32.6)
Diabetes Mellitus			0.000
Yes	253 (56.5)	188 (43.5)
No	3666 (78.8)	1167 (21.2)
Hypertension			0.000
Yes	786 (65.3)	447 (34.7)
No	3133 (80.0)	908 (20.0)
Stroke			0.000
Yes	57 (58.3)	42 (41.7)
No	3862 (77.7)	1313 (22.3)
Myocardial infarction			0.892
Yes	46 (76.6)	16 (23.4)
No	3873 (77.5)	1339 (22.5)
Angina pectoris			0.006
Yes	86 (62.5)	44 (37.5)
No	3833 (77.7)	1311 (22.3)

*by chi-square test.

^† Values are Number (%).

^‡ Numbers may not sum to total due to missing information.

Table 3.

Perceived health status, Perceived oral health status and Periodontal disease

Variables	Periodontal disease		P
Variables	No	Yes	P
Perceived health status			0.000
Healthy	1242 (81.6)	348 (18.4)
Neutral	2012 (76.5)	700 (23.5)
Unhealthy	664 (72.4)	308 (27.6)
Perceived oral health status			0.000
Healthy	593 (83.7)	146 (16.3)
Neutral	1778 (83.5)	425 (16.5)
Unhealthy	1706 (70.3)	861 (29.7)

*by chi-square test.

^† Values are Number (%).

^† Numbers may not sum to total due to missing information.

Table 4.

Oral Health Behaviors and Periodontal disease

Variables	Periodontal disease		P*
Variables	No	Yes	P*
The frequency of daily tooth brushing			0.000
≤1	338 (63.3)	230 (36.7)
2	1460 (73.6)	615 (26.4)
≥3	2092 (83.7)	486 (16.3)
Dental floss			0.000
No	3039 (75.3)	1224 (24.7)
Yes	929 (85.5)	155 (14.5)
Interdental brush			0.029
No	3100 (76.6)	1157 (23.4)
Yes	868 (80.7)	222 (19.3)
Oral rinse			0.014
No	3203 (76.5)	1196 (23.5)
Yes	765 (81.1)	183 (18.9)
Power toothbrush			0.038
No	3673 (77.0)	1315 (23.0)
Yes	295 (83.1)	64 (16.9)
Etc (tongue cleaner, water pik, end			0.059
tuft brush)
No	3688 (77.1)	1319 (22.9)
Yes	280 (82.7)	60 (17.3)

*by chi-square test.

^† Values are Number (%).

^† Numbers may not sum to total due to missing information.

Table 5.

Factors of having influence upon Periodontal disease

Variables category	Model I*		Model II*		Model III*
Variables category	OR	95% CI for Exp ()^†	OR	95% CI for Exp ()^†	OR	95% CI for Exp ()^†
Gender
Male	1.659	1.427-1.928			1.585	1.206-2.085
Female	1				1
Age
19-39	1				1
40-59	5.921	4.502-7.787			4.519	3.359-6.079
≥60	9.097	6.692-12.368			4.649	3.022-7.150
Income
Low	1		1		1
Middle-low	0.893	0.728-1.096	0.820	0.655-1.026	0.883	0.687-1.134
Middle-high	0.730	0.581-0.917	0.664	0.514-0.859	0.870	0.667-1.136
High	0.583	0.446-0.763	0.533	0.402-0.708	0.721	0.543-0.957
Education level
≤Primary school	1		1		1
Secondary school	0.854	0.649-1.124	0.851	0.627-1.156	1.011	0.720-1.419
High school	0.309	0.243-0.394	0.485	0.356-0.662	0.673	0.484-0.937
≥University or College	0.207	0.156-0.274	0.338	0.239-0.478	0.631	0.430-0.926
Occupation
Managers, experts, relevant workers	0.525	0.234-0.310	0.531	0.390-0.722	0.718	0.512-1.007
Clerks	0.538	0.390-0.706	0.688	0.585-0.891	0.867	0.584-1.288
Service & sales workers	0.977	0.383-0.755	1.009	0.738-1.380	1.169	0.838-1.630
Skilled workers in agriculture, forestry and fishery	4.913	0.729-1.309	2.755	1.805-4.204	2.648	1.751-4.004
Technicians, workers of device · machine manipu-	1.754	3.324-7.263	1.368	1.030-1.815	1.275	0.954-1.704
lation and assembly
Simple labor workers	1.297	1.357-2.266	1.029	0.747-1.418	1.010	0.745-1.369
Jobless (Housewife, students, etc.)	1	0.961-1.750	1		1
Appearance of smoking for the whole life
<5 pack	0.742	0.444-1.237	0.929	0.530-1.626	1.009	0.530-1.920
≥5 pack	1.862	1.563-2.219	1.528	1.161-2.011	1.414	1.067-1.872
Non smoker	1		1		1
Drinking
No	1.766	1.430-2.181	1.435	1.130-1.822	1.402	1.083-1.815
Yes	1		1		1
BMI
Underweight	0.362	0.232-0.431	0.725	0.462-1.139	0.775	0.475-1.263
Normal	0.728	0.232-0.565	0.800	0.675-0.948	0.842	0.706-1.004
Obesity	1		1		1
The level of stress recognition
Feel quite heavy stress	0.573	0.367-0.893	0.798	0.511-1.246	0.589	0.365-0.950
Tend to feel heavy stress	0.452	0.354-0.577	0.680	0.522-0.885	0.643	0.480-0.862
Tend to feel a little stress	0.586	0.479-0.718	0.742	0.598-0.922	0.726	0.578-0.912
Feel little stress.	1		1		1
Diabetes Mellitus
Yes	2.868	2.178-3.776	1.570	1.194-2.064	1.410	1.054-1.885
No	1		1		1
Hypertension
Yes	2.119	1.743-2.576	1.101	0.885-1.371	1.012	0.795-1.288
No	1		1		1
Stroke
Yes	2.491	1.555-3.993	1.235	0.759-2.011	1.127	0.667-1.902
No	1		1		1
Angina pectoris
Yes	2.092	1.223-3.577	1.171	0.692-1.982	1.027	0.603-1.750
No	1		1		1
Perceived health status
Healthy	1		1		1
Neutral	1.357	1.121-1.642	1.244	1.021-1.516	1.062	0.859-1.313
Unhealthy	1.688	1.303-2.187	1.318	0.993-1.750	0.921	0.675-1.256
Perceived oral health status
Healthy	1		1		1
Neutral	1.014	0.764-1.347	1.250	0.930-1.679	1.278	0.922-1.772
Unhealthy	2.173	1.663-2.839	2.487	1.879-3.291	2.406	1.771-3.268
The frequency of daily tooth brushing
≤1	2.980	2.358-3.767	2.094	1.603-2.737	1.499	1.117-2.011
2	1.843	1.525-2.227	1.557	1.281-1.892	1.287	1.043-1.586
≥3	1		1		1
Dental floss
No	1.929	1.508-2.468	1.554	1.200-2.014	1.249	0.946-1.649
Yes	1		1		1
Interdental brush
No	1.283	1.025-1.605	1.403	1.114-1.766	1.186	0.931-1.510
Yes	1		1		1
Oral rinse
No	1.316	1.058-1.637	1.028	0.823-1.285	0.837	0.649-1.078
Yes	1		1		1
Power toothbrush
No	1.471	1.020-2.121	1.425	0.947-2.146	1.050	0.693-1.592
Yes	1		1		1

*Model I: Unadjusted, Model II: Adjusted by gender and age, Model III: Fully adjusted.

^† 95% Confidence Interval : Lower-Upper.

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