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Park: Antimicrobial effect of slightly acidic electrolyzed water on oral microorganisms
Original Article

J Korean Acad Oral Health 2013;37(4):187-193.

Published online: 12 December 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.11149/jkaoh.2013.37.4.187

Antimicrobial effect of slightly acidic electrolyzed water on oral microorganisms

Yeon-Kyung Park

Department of Dental Technology, Gimcheon University, Gimcheon, Korea

Corresponding Author: Yeon-Kyung Park Department of Dental Technology, Gimcheon University, 214 Daehak-ro, Gimcheon 740-704, Korea Tel: +82-54-420-4051 Fax: +82-54-420-4463 E-mail: vivakorea12@naver.com

Received 27 September 2013       Revised 23 December 2013       Accepted 27 December 2013

Copyright © 2013 Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of slightly acidic electro-lyzed water (SAEW) for use as a mouth-rinse on seven oral pathogens.

Methods

In this study, SAEW with a pH of 6.2, oxidation-reduction potential of 728-800 mV, and available chlorine concentration of 30 mg/L was produced by electrolysis using an electrolysis device. The antimicrobial properties of SAEW against seven oral pathogens were determined by the agar diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and mouth rinsing tests.

Results

SAEW did not demonstrate any antimicrobial activity (disc diffusion method) against the seven oral pathogens under study. However, SAEW showed potent antimicrobial activity with an MIC value of 0.0075-0.015 mg/mL and a MBC value of 0.015-0.03 mg/mL. Mouth rinsing with SAEW showed 99.9% bacterial inhibition.

Conclusions

SAEW exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against all oral pathogens causing dental caries and periodontal disease. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that SAEW can be used as an effective mouth-rinse to prevent oral diseases and for oral hygiene management, with potential for commercial application.

Keywords: Antibacterial effect, Dental caries, Mouthwashes, Oral pathogens, Periodontal disease, Electrolyzed weak acid water

References

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Table 1.
Bacterial stains used in this study and their media, culture condition
Strains Culture condition Media Straining properties / Cultural requirements
Streptococcus mutans 37oC, Incubator BRAIN HEART INFUSION AGAR (DIFCO 0418) Gram positive /
KCCM 40105 (SM) Facultative anaerobes
Streptococcus sobrinus 37oC, Incubator TRYPTICASE SOY AGAR (BBL 211043; New No.) Gram positive /
KCCM 11897 (SS) with 5% DEFIBRINATED SHEEP BLOOD Facultative anaerobes
Actinobacillus 37oC, Anaerobic chamber TRYPTICASE SOY AGAR (BBL 211043; New No.) Gram negative /
actinomycetemcomitans (5% CO2) with 5% DEFIBRINATED SHEEP BLOOD anaerobes
KCCM 12227 (AA)
Porphyromonas gingivalis 37oC, Anaerobic chamber MODIFIED CHOPPED MEAT MEDIUM Gram negative /
KCCM 11958 (PG) (80% N2, 10% CO2, 10% H2) anaerobes
Prevotella intermedia 37oC, Anaerobic chamber MODIFIED CHOPPED MEAT MEDIUM Gram negative /
KCTC 5506 (PI) (80% N2, 10% CO2, 10% H2) anaerobes
Fusobacterium nucleatum 37oC, Anaerobic chamber BRAIN HEART INFUSION AGAR (DIFCO 0418) Gram negative /
KCTC 5163 (FN) (80% N2, 10% CO2, 10% H2) anaerobes
Candida albicans 25oC, Incubator YM AGAR (DIFCO 0712) Gram positive /
KCCM 11282 (CA) aerobes
Escherichia coli 37oC, Incubator TRYPTICASE SOY AGAR (BBL 211043; New No.) Gram negative /
KCCM 40880 (EC) Facultative anaerobes
Table 2.
Antimicrobial activity of SAEW against the oral bacteria
Strains Diameter of clear zone (mm)*
SAEW†,‡ Listerine§ Chlorhexidine∥
SM - 15.5±0.4** 18.7±0.2
SS - 12.8±0.3 17.1±0.3
AA - 13.8±0.3 14.5±0.2
PG - 14.9±0.4 16.2±0.3
PI - 11.3±0.2 13.8±0.2
FN - 14.1±0.3 15.9±0.2
CA - 13.1±0.4 15.5±0.3
EC - 16.1±0.2 19.3±0.3
P-value <0.05††

SM, S. mutans KCCM 40105; SS, S. sobrinus KCCM 11897; AA, A. actinomycetemcomitans KCCM 12227; PG, P . gingivalis KCCM 11958 PI, P . intermedia KCTC 5506; FN, F . nucleatum KCTC 5163; CA, C. albicans KCCM 11282; EC, E. coli KCCM 40880. *Includes the disc diameter (8 mm).

† Slightly Acid Electrolyzed water.

‡ 0.75 mg/disc,

§ 25 mg/disc,

∥ 10 mg/disc.

Not detected. **MD±SD denote Mean difference±Standard deviation.

† †P<0.05 obtained by Kruskal-Wallis test.

Table 3.
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of SAEW against the oral bacteria
Strains MIC (mg/ml or ml/ml) MBC (mg/ml or ml/ml)
SAEW* Listerine Chlorhexidine SAEW Listerine Chlorhexidine
SM 0.01500 0.01563 0.00039 0.01500 0.03125 0.00078
SS 0.01500 0.03125 0.00039 0.01500 0.03125 0.00039
AA 0.01500 0.03125 0.00156 0.03000 0.06250 0.00313
PG 0.01500 0.01563 0.00313 0.01500 0.01563 0.00313
PI 0.01500 0.03125 0.00313 0.03000 0.06250 0.00313
FN 0.01500 0.03125 0.00156 0.03000 0.03125 0.00313
CA 0.01500 0.01563 0.00156 0.01500 0.03125 0.00156
EC 0.00750 0.03125 0.00078 0.01500 0.03125 0.00156
P-value <0.05† <0.05

SM, S. mutans KCCM 40105; SS, S. sobrinus KCCM 11897; AA, A. actinomycetemcomitans KCCM 12227; PG, P . gingivalis KCCM 11958; PI, P . intermedia KCTC 5506; FN, F . nucleatum KCTC 5163; CA, C. albicans KCCM 11282; EC, E. coli KCCM 40880. *Slightly Acid Electrolyzed water.

† P<0.05 obtained by Kruskal-Wallis test.

Table 4.
Antimicrobial effects of mouth-rinses
Agent Bacterial strains (CFU/ml)
SM SS AA PG PI FN Ca EC
Control 1.2×107 2.4×107 3.7×107 2.0×107 1.8×107 2.1×107 2.9×107 5.4×107
SAEW 10<* 10< 10< 10< 10< 10< 10< 10<
Listerine 10< 10< 10< 10< 10< 10< 10< 10<
Chlorhexidine 10< 10< 10< 10< 10< 10< 10< 10<

SM, S. mutans KCCM 40105; SS, S. sobrinus KCCM 11897; AA, A. actinomycetemcomitans KCCM 12227; PG, P . gingivalis KCCM 11958; PI, P . intermedia KCTC 5506; FN, F . nucleatum KCTC 5163; CA, C. albicans KCCM 11282; EC, E. coli KCCM 40880. *Limit of detection.

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