Journal List > Lab Med Online > v.4(4) > 1057248

Lee, Kim, Lee, Park, Chae, Kim, Kim, and Oh: Evaluation of the Verigene Warfarin Metabolism Nucleic Acid Test Kit for the Rapid Detection of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 Polymorphisms

Abstract

Background

Warfarin is a widely used oral agent for anticoagulation therapy. Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic index and a wide variation in the interindividual therapeutic dosage. Recently, genotypes of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 have been found to account for 30-40% of the warfarin dosing variability, and a variety of commercial genotyping assays are being introduced. In this study, we evaluated the Verigene Warfarin Metabolism Nucleic Acid test (Verigene Warfarin assay; Nanosphere, USA) for its accuracy and clinical utility in genotyping CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, and VKORC1 1173C>T.

Methods

We compared the Verigene Warfarin assay with direct sequencing for accuracy in determining the genotypes of CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, and VKORC1 1173C>T using 50 patient samples and 3 commercial DNA samples with known genotypes. The method was also evaluated for turn-around time, hands-on time, and feasibility.

Results

The Verigene Warfarin assay demonstrated 100% accuracy for identifying CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, and VKORC1 1173C>T. The turn-around time and hands-on time were 3 hr and 2 min, respectively. The no-call error rate at first attempt was estimated to be 2%.

Conclusions

The Verigene Warfarin assay provides rapid and accurate genotype results. Considering there are only a few steps requiring manual intervention, it would be feasible to implement this assay even in clinical laboratories that lack considerable expertise in molecular diagnostics.

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1
Sequencing chromatograms for the respective genotypes of (A) CYP2C9*2 (wild type homozygous, mutant heterozygous, mutant homozygous), (B) CYP2C9*3 (wild type homozygous, mutant heterozygous), and (C) VKORC1 (wild type homozygous, mutant heterozygous, mutant homozygous).
lmo-4-198-g001
Table 1
PCR primer sequences for CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, and VKORC1 (1173C>T)
lmo-4-198-i001

Abbreviations: Tm, melting temperature; bp, base pair.

Table 2
Comparison of results of Verigene Warfarin Metabolism Nucleic Acid Test and direct sequencing for CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, and VKORC1
lmo-4-198-i002

Notes

This article is available from http://www.labmedonline.org

References

1. Cha YJ, editor. Hematology. 2nd ed. Seoul: Korean Society of Hematology;2011. p. 654.
2. Ma C, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Yang J, Zhang Y, Gao L, et al. Influence of warfarin dose-associated genotypes on the risk of hemorrhagic complications in Chinese patients on warfarin. Int J Hematol. 2012; 96:719–728.
crossref
3. Avery PJ, Jorgensen A, Hamberg AK, Wadelius M, Pirmohamed M, Kamali F. A proposal for an individualized pharmacogenetics-based warfarin initiation dose regimen for patients commencing anticoagulation therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011; 90:701–706.
crossref
4. Aquilante CL, Langaee TY, Lopez LM, Yarandi HN, Tromberg JS, Mohuczy D, et al. Influence of coagulation factor, vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1, and cytochrome P450 2C9 gene polymorphisms on warfarin dose requirements. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006; 79:291–302.
crossref
5. D'Andrea G, D'Ambrosio RL, Di Perna P, Chetta M, Santacroce R, Brancaccio V, et al. A polymorphism in the VKORC1 gene is associated with an interindividual variability in the dose-anticoagulant effect of warfarin. Blood. 2005; 105:645–649.
6. Sconce EA, Khan TI, Wynne HA, Avery P, Monkhouse L, King BP, et al. The impact of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genetic polymorphism and patient characteristics upon warfarin dose requirements: proposal for a new dosing regimen. Blood. 2005; 106:2329–2333.
crossref
7. Lee CR, Goldstein JA, Pieper JA. Cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphisms: a comprehensive review of the in-vitro and human data. Pharmacogenetics. 2002; 12:251–263.
crossref
8. Finkelman BS, Gage BF, Johnson JA, Brensinger CM, Kimmel SE. Genetic warfarin dosing: tables versus algorithms. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011; 57:612–618.
9. Rieder MJ, Reiner AP, Gage BF, Nickerson DA, Eby CS, McLeod HL, et al. Effect of VKORC1 haplotypes on transcriptional regulation and warfarin dose. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352:2285–2293.
crossref
10. Cho HJ, Sohn KH, Park HM, Lee KH, Choi B, Kim S. Factors affecting the interindividual variability of warfarin dose requirement in adult Korean patients. Pharmacogenomics. 2007; 8:329–337.
crossref
11. Maurice CB, Barua PK, Simses D, Smith P, Howe JG, Stack G. Comparison of assay systems for warfarin-related CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotyping. Clin Chim Acta. 2010; 411:947–954.
crossref
12. Buchan BW, Peterson JF, Cogbill CH, Anderson DK, Ledford JS, White MN, et al. Evaluation of a microarray-based genotyping assay for the rapid detection of cytochrome P450 2C19 *2 and *3 polymorphisms from whole blood using nanoparticle probes. Am J Clin Pathol. 2011; 136:604–608.
crossref
13. King CR, Porche-Sorbet RM, Gage BF, Ridker PM, Renaud Y, Phillips MS, et al. Performance of commercial platforms for rapid genotyping of polymorphisms affecting warfarin dose. Am J Clin Pathol. 2008; 129:876–883.
crossref
14. Langley MR, Booker JK, Evans JP, McLeod HL, Weck KE. Validation of clinical testing for warfarin sensitivity: comparison of CYP2C9-VKORC1 genotyping assays and warfarin-dosing algorithms. J Mol Diagn. 2009; 11:216–225.
15. Babic N, Haverfield EV, Burrus JA, Lozada A, Das S, Yeo KT. Comparison of performance of three commercial platforms for warfarin sensitivity genotyping. Clin Chim Acta. 2009; 406:143–147.
crossref
TOOLS
Similar articles