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Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is commonly defined a frequent metabolic condition associated with pregnancy that leads to substantial maternal and perinatal complications. Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is the cornerstone treatment on patients with GDM, and accordingly, it has a significant impact in women and newborns. The main purpose of MNT in GDM is carbohydrates because they are the major nutrient affecting postprandial euglycemia. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that low-carbohydrate intake is related to beneficial effects on maternal and newborn outcomes. Current evidence consistently supports the advantages of using the glycemic index for additional benefit. Therefore in this context, we will discuss from summarize studies involving carbohydrate in GDM. In addition, this article describes the efficacy of low glycemic index diet for the management of GDM.
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Table 1.
Summary of recent recommendations of different organizations on medical nutrition treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus
| Organization | Energy | CHO | Protein | Fat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KDA [2] | NR | 50%a | 1.1 g/kg/day | > DRI for females |
| A minimum of 175 g/d | DRI for females + 25 g/d | |||
| AND [5] | DRI | DRI | DRI | DRI |
| A minimum of 175 g/d < 45%a | ||||
| Endocrine Society [5] | NR | 35% to 45%a | NR | NR |
| CDA [6] | NR | 40% to 50%a | NR | Up to 40%a |
| DDG-DGGG [7] | Based on the following prepregnancy | 40% to 50%a 5 to 30 g for breakfast | 20% to 25%a A minimum of 60 to 80 g/d | 30% to 35%a |
| ADA [11] | DRI | DRI A minimum of 175 g/d | NR | NR |
| ADIPS [9] | NR | NRb | NRb | NRb |
| NICE [10] | NR | NR | NR | NR |
KDA, Korean Diabetes Association; AND, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics; CDA, Canadian Diabetes Association; DDG-DGGG, German Diabetes Association and German Association for Gynaecology and Obstetrics; ADA, American Diabetes Association; ADIPS, Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society; NICE, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; CHO, carbohydrate; NR, not reported; DRI, dietary reference intakes.
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