Abstract
Diagnosis and management of chronic complications is very important in diabetes mellitus. In asymptomatic patients, routine screening for chronic diabetic complications is recommended. If not recognized and if preventive care is not implemented, patients are at risk of damage to major organ systems. Tests for diabetic complications vary depending on the type of complications. Some tests require skilled workers and advanced facilities. Many simple screening tests for complications can also be carried out in outpatient clinics. Performing screening tests for complications in outpatient clinics could contribute to timely diagnosis and management of diabetic complications.
References
1. American Diabetes Association. 3. Foundations of care and comprehensive medical evaluation. Diabetes Care. 2016; 39(Suppl 1):S23–35.
2. Gregg EW, Sattar N, Ali MK. The changing face of diabetes complications. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016; 4:537–47.
3. Korean Diabetes Association. Diabetes mellitus. 4th ed.Seoul: Korea Medical Book Publishing Company;2011. Diabetic neuropathy; p.p. 620–4.
4. Korean Diabetes Association Education Committee. The guide for diabetes education. 3rd ed.Seoul: Gold' Planning and Development;2013. Diabetes complications; p.p. 16–56.
5. Garrow AP, Boulton AJ. Vibration perception threshold–a valuable assessment of neural dysfunction in people with diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2006; 22:411–9.
6. Sun PT, Baek HS. New diagnostic methods and therapeutic evaluation of diabetic neuropathy. J Korean Diabetes Assoc. 2001; 25:328–31.
7. Korean Diabetes Association. Treatment guideline for diabetes. 5th ed.Seoul: Gold' Planning and Development;2015. Diabetes complications; p.p. 98–120.
8. Korean Diabetes Association. Diabetes mellitus. 4th ed.Seoul: Korea Medical Book Publishing Company;2011. Retinopathy and other ocular complications in diabetes; p578.
9. Rahmani S, Nakanishi R, Budoff MJ. Imaging atherosclerosis in diabetes: current state. Curr Diab Rep. 2016; 16:105.
10. Djaberi R, Beishuizen ED, Pereira AM, Rabelink TJ, Smit JW, Tamsma JT, Huisman MV, Jukema JW. Noninvasive cardiac imaging techniques and vascular tools for the assessment of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2008; 51:1581–93.
11. Nezu T, Hosomi N, Aoki S, Matsumoto M. Carotid intima-media thickness for atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2016; 23:18–31.
12. Korkmaz H, Onalan O. Evaluation of endothelial dysfunction: flow-mediated dilation. Endothelium. 2008; 15:157–63.
13. Christen AI, Armentano RL, Miranda A, Graf S, Santana DB, Zócalo Y, Baglivo HP, Sánchez RA. Arterial wall structure and dynamics in type 2 diabetes mellitus methodological aspects and pathophysiological findings. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2010; 6:367–77.
14. Korean Diabetes Association. Diabetes mellitus. 4th ed.Seoul: Korea Medical Book Publishing Company;2011. Peripheral vascular disease in diabetes; p.p. 708–12.
15. Halperin JL. Evaluation of patients with peripheral vascular disease. Thromb Res. 2002; 106:V303–11.
16. Lee JI, Son HS. Noninvasive methods for cardiovascular risk assessment in asymptomatic type 2 diabetes mellitus. Korean Diabetes J. 2009; 33:267–75.
17. Munakata M. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in the measurement of arterial stiffness: recent evidence and clinical applications. Curr Hypertens Rev. 2014; 10:49–57.
18. Puttemans T, Nemery C. Diabetes: the use of color Doppler sonography for the assessment of vascular complications. Eur J Ultrasound. 1998; 7:15–22.
19. Korean Diabetes Association. Diabetes mellitus. 4th ed.Seoul: Korea Medical Book Publishing Company;2011. Diabetic foot; p.p. 717–8.