The Efficacy and Safety of Non-Nutritive Sweeteners

Dal Lae Ju

doi:10.4093/jkd.2015.16.4.281

Journal List > J Korean Diabetes > v.16(4) > 1054989

Go to TopGo to Top Go to BottomGo to Bottom

TOOLS

Ju: The Efficacy and Safety of Non-Nutritive Sweeteners

Information Desk

J Korean Diabetes 2015;16(4):281-286.

Published online: 10 January 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkd.2015.16.4.281

The Efficacy and Safety of Non-Nutritive Sweeteners

Dal Lae Ju

Department of Food Service and Nutrition Care, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Dal Lae Ju Department of Food Service and Nutrition Care, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea, E-mail: jurea@snuh.org

Received 16 November 2015 Accepted 25 November 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

High intake of added sugars increases the risk for obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are widely used in many beverages and food products to reduce calories and sugar content. NNS have higher intensity of sweetness per gram than caloric sweeteners such as sucrose, corn syrup, and fruit juice concentrates. NNS approved for use have been tested and determined to be safe at levels that are within acceptable daily intake by the Joint Food Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives. The eight items of sweeteners are regulated as food additives in Korea. Dietary intake of the sweeteners was suggested as safety level by the ministry of Food and Drug Safety in 2012. If substituted for caloric sweeteners without intake of additional calories from other food sources, NNS may help consumers limit carbohydrate and energy intake as a strategy to manage blood glucose and weight. Dietitians can provide guidance on the use of NNS that give the desired results in food preparation and use at the table.

Keywords: Acceptable daily intake, Diabetes mellitus, Non-nutritive sweeteners

References

1. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO calls on countries to reduce sugars intake among adults and children. Available from:. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/sugar-guideline/en/. (updated 2015 Nov).

2. Fitch C, Keim KS. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: use of nutritive and nonnutritive sweeteners. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012; 112:739–58.

3. Gardner C, Wylie-Rosett J, Gidding SS, Steffen LM, Johnson RK, Reader D, Lichtenstein AH. American Heart Association Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism, Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; American Diabetes Association. Nonnutritive sweeteners: current use and health perspectives: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2012; 35:1798–808.

4. Choi SH, Kim US, Suh HJ, Kim JW. Safety reevaluation of food additives-about 24 items contain sweeteners. Cheongju: Korea Health Industry Development Institute;2012. p. 108–13. p. 273–4.

5. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Evaluations of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Available from:. http://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/search.aspx?fc=66. (updated 2015 Nov).

6. Mattes RD, Popkin BM. Nonnutritive sweetener consumption in humans: effects on appetite and food intake and their putative mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009; 89:1–14.

7. Imamura F, O'Connor L, Ye Z, Mursu J, Hayashino Y, Bhupathiraju SN, Forouhi NG. Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, metaanalysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction. BMJ. 2015; 351:h3576.

8. Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, Dunbar SA, Franz MJ, Mayer-Davis EJ, Neumiller JJ, Nwankwo R, Verdi CL, Urbanski P, Yancy WS Jr. Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014; 37(Suppl 1):S120–43.

9. Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Dworatzek PD, Arcudi K, Gougeon R, Husein N, Sievenpiper JL, Williams SL. Nutrition therapy. Can J Diabetes. 2013; 37(Suppl 1):S45–55.

10. Wiebe N, Padwal R, Field C, Marks S, Jacobs R, Tonelli M. A systematic review on the effect of sweeteners on glycemic response and clinically relevant outcomes. BMC Med. 2011; 9:123.

Table 1.

Non-nutritive sweeteners approved by the ministry of Food and Drug Safety in Korea

Sweetener	Times sweeter than sucrose^a	ADI^b (mg/kg; body weight)	EDI^c (% of ADI)	EDI^d (% of ADI)
Aspatame	160∼220	0∼40	0.19	2.28
Acesulfame-K	200	0∼15	0.11	2.40
Sucralose	600	0∼15	0.63	9.48
Saccharin	300	0∼5	1.30	5.53
Stevia	250	0∼4	4.47	50.86

ADI, acceptable daily intake; EDI, estimated daily intake.

^a Revised from the article of Fitch and Keim (J Acad Nutr Diet 2012;112:739–58) [2].

^b ADI indicates acceptable daily intake. Revised from the website of WHO (http://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfadatabase/search.aspx?fc=66) [5].

^c EDI indicates estimated daily intake as the mean of total populations. Revised from the report of Choi et al. (Korea Health Industry Development Institute) [4].

^d EDI indicates estimated daily intake as the mean of the persons consumed. Revised from the report of Choi et al. (Korea Health Industry Development Institute) [4].

TOOLS

Similar articles