Norm-Referenced Criteria for Isokinetic Strength of the Lower Limbs for the Korean High School Baseball Players

Su-Hyun Kim; Kyung-Jin Han; Seok-Arm Zhang

doi:10.5763/kjsm.2016.34.1.48

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Kim, Han, and Zhang: Norm-Referenced Criteria for Isokinetic Strength of the Lower Limbs for the Korean High School Baseball Players

Clinical Article

Korean J Sports Med 2016;34(1):48-56.

Published online: 19 January 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5763/kjsm.2016.34.1.48

Norm-Referenced Criteria for Isokinetic Strength of the Lower Limbs for the Korean High School Baseball Players

Su-Hyun Kim^1,, Kyung-Jin Han¹, Seok-Arm Zhang²

¹Sunsoochon Hospital, Seoul, Korea

²Department of Kinesiologic Medical Science, Dankook University, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence: Su-Hyun Kim Sunsoochon Hospital, 76 Olympic-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05573, Korea Tel: +82-2-1661-3379, Fax: +82-2-6925-3901 E-mail: trainerksh@hanmail.net

Received 5 January 2016 Revised 4 January 2016 Accepted 9 October 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

This study concerns norm-referenced criteria for isokinetic strength of the lower limbs for the Korean high school baseball players. Two hundred one high school baseball players were participated in this study. They didn't have any medical problem at the lower limbs. Each test was conducted four times in the ankle plantar flexion/dorsiflexion test at 30^o/sec speed, knee flexion/ extension test was conducted four times at 60^o/sec speed. Humac Norm (CSMI, USA) system was used to obtained the value of peak torque, peak torque % body weight. The results were presented as a norm-referenced criterion value using 5-point scale of cajori, by 5 group (6.06%, 24.17%, 38.30%, 24.17%, and 6.06%) and a few suggestions from this study as follows. The provided criterion of peak torque and peak torque % body weight are very useful information for baseball palyers, baseball coach, athletic trainers and sports injury rehabilitation experts, to utilize as an objective clinical assessment data.

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Keywords: Baseball, Isokinetic strength, Peak torque, Lower extremity

REFERENCES

1.Korea Baseball Association. Baseball players' registration [Internet]. Seoul: Baseball Association News;c2015. [cited 2015 May 01]. Available from:. http://www.korea_baseball.com/news/notice/noitice_view.asp?CAT=N01&BBS=A1&PAGE=1&NUM=8512&PRNNUM=23.

2.Lim SK., Lee SI., Kang HD, et al. Norm-referenced criteria of the lower limb extensor and flexor for the Korea pro-baseball player. Korean J Physic Educ. 2002. 41:369–376.

3.Humer M., Kosters A., Muller E. Dynamic and static maximum strength in closed kinetic chain movements. Trunk flexion/extension and rotation. Sportverletz Sportschaden. 2011. 25:13–21.

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6.Sun SK., Jung DC., Lee KK, et al. A Research to set a standard norm of the knee extensor and flexor on muscular strength for adult population to ages. Korea Sport Res. 2006. 17:287–96.

7.Kim YB. Correlation among fast-ball, slider-speed, physique, and the related isokinetic muscular peak torque in university baseball pitcher [dissertation]. Seoul: Dankook University;2013.

8.Hagerman FC., Starr LM., Murray TF. Effect of long-term fitness program on professional baseball player. Phys Sportsmed 989: 17;. 101–19.

9.Baltzopoulos V., Brodie DA. Isokinetic dynamometry: applications and limitation. Sports Med. 1989. 8:101–16.

10.Perrine DH. Isokinetic exercise and assessment. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics;1993.

11.Chun SY., Jeon KK., Park DS. The effect of body composition and isokinetic knee and ankle strength of adult and elite football players. Korea J Sports Sci. 2012. 21:1385–95.

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Fig. 1.

Knee extension/flexion range of motion & seated position.

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Fig. 2.

Ankle plantar flexion/ dorsiflexion range of motion & prone position.

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Fig. 3.

The comparison of peak torque dorsiflexor and plantar flexor of ankle joint in each sports. (A) The values of peak torque dorsiflexor and plantar flexor of the right side ankle joint. (B) The values of peak torque dorsiflexor and plantar flexor of the left side ankle joint.

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Fig. 4.

The comparison of peak torque % body weight (PT%BW) dorsiflexor and plantar flexor of ankle joint in each sports. (A) The values of PT%BW (%) dorsiflexor and plantar flexor of the right side ankle joint. (B) The values of PT%BW (%) dorsiflexor and plantar flexor of the left side ankle joint.

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Fig. 5.

The comparison of peak torque extensor and flexor of knee joint in each sports. (A) The values of peak torque extensor of the right side knee joint. (B) The values of peak torque extensor of the left side knee joint. (C) The values peak torque flexor of the right side knee joint. (D) The values peak torque flexor of the left side knee joint.

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Fig. 6.

The comparison of peak torque % body weight (PT%BW) extensor and flexor of knee joint in each sports. (A) The values of PT%BW (%) extensor of the right side knee joint. (B) The values of PT%BW (%) extensor of the left side knee joint. (C) The values PT%BW (%) flexor of the right side knee joint. (D) The values peak torque % body weight flexor of the left side knee joint.

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Table 1.

Characteristics of subjects

Number	Height (cm)	Weight (kg)	Age (yr)	Career (yr)	Body mass index (kg/m²)	%Body fat (%)
201	176.20±5.61	76.58.±10.98	17.66±0.70	6.68±1.57	36.34±4.99	15.92±5.6

Values are presented as mean±standrad deviation.

Table 3.

The values of peak torque & peak torque % body weight ankle dorsiflexor and plantar flexor at 30^o/sec speed

Muscle group	Peak torque (Nm)	Peak torque % body weight (%)
Dorsiflexor
Right	34.06±5.81	45.19±6.97
Left	33.41±6.08	44.18±7.28
Plantar flexor
Right	79.22±22.20	103.04±27.53
Left	77.17±20.45	101.81±26.14

Values are presented as mean±standrad deviation.

Table 2.

Norm-referenced criterion value using 5-point scale of cajori

Scale	5	4	3	2	1
Percentage (%)	6.06	24.17	38.30	24.17	6.06
Stage	Very low	Low	Moderate	High	Very high

Table 4.

Norm-referenced criterion values of PT & peak PT%BW ankle dorsiflexor and plantar flexor at 30^o/sec speed

Variable	Stage	Very low	Low	Moderate	High	Very high
PT (Nm)	Dorsiflexor
	Right	＜25.4	25.4−31.2	31.3−36.9	37.0−42.7	≥42.8
	Left	＜24.4	24.4−30.3	30.4−36.4	36.5−42.5	≥42.6
	Plantar flexor
	Right	＜46.0	46.0−66.1	66.2−90.3	90.4−112.5	≥112.6
	Left	＜46.6	46.6−66.8	66.9−87.3	87.4−107.7	≥107.8
PT%BW (%)	Dorsiflexor
	Right	＜34.8	34.8−41.6	41.7−48.6	48.7−55.5	≥55.6
	Left	＜33.4	33.4−40.4	40.5−47.7	47.8−55.0	≥55.1
	Plantar flexor
	Right	＜61.8	61.8−89.1	89.2−116.7	116.8−144.2	≥144.3
	Left	＜62.7	62.7−88.6	88.7−114.8	114.9−140.9	≥141.0

PT: peak torque, PT%BW: peak torque % body weight.

Table 5.

The values of peak torque & peak torque % body weight knee flexor and extensor at 60^o/sec speed

Muscle group	Peak torque (nm)	Peak torque % body weight (%)
Flexor
Righ	97.12±23.08	127.08±26.44
Left	96.18±23.92	127.09±30.69
Extensor
Righ	198.17±36.83	258.95±44.55
Left	195.93±41.71	256.96±49.21

Values are presented as mean±standrad deviation.

Table 6.

Norm-referenced criterion values of PT and PT%BW knee flexor and extensor at 60^o/sec speed

Variable	Stage	Very low	Low	Moderate	High	Very high
PT (Nm)	Extensor
	Right	＜143.1	143.1−179.7	179.8−216.5	216.6−253.3	≥253.4
	Left	＜133.4	133.4−174.9	175.0−216.7	216.8−258.4	≥258.5
	Flexor
	Right	＜62.6	62.6−85.5	85.6−108.5	108.6−131.6	≥131.7
	Left	＜60.4	60.4−84.1	84.2−108.1	108.2−132.0	≥132.1
PT%BW (%)	Extensor
	Right	＜192.3	192.3−236.6	236.7−281.2	281.3−325.7	≥325.8
	Left	＜183.3	183.3−232.3	232.4−281.5	281.6−330.7	≥330.8
	Flexor
	Right	＜87.5	87.5−113.8	113.9−140.2	140.3−166.7	≥166.8
	Left	＜81.2	81.2−111.7	111.8−142.3	142.4−173.0	≥173.1

PT: peak torque, PT%BW: peak torque % body weight.

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