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Kim, Han, and Zhang: Norm-Referenced Criteria for Isokinetic Strength of the Lower Limbs for the Korean High School Baseball Players
Clinical Article

Korean J Sports Med 2016;34(1):48-56.

Published online: 19 January 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5763/kjsm.2016.34.1.48

Norm-Referenced Criteria for Isokinetic Strength of the Lower Limbs for the Korean High School Baseball Players

Su-Hyun Kim1, , Kyung-Jin Han1, Seok-Arm Zhang2

1Sunsoochon Hospital, Seoul, Korea

2Department of Kinesiologic Medical Science, Dankook University, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence: Su-Hyun Kim Sunsoochon Hospital, 76 Olympic-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05573, Korea Tel: +82-2-1661-3379, Fax: +82-2-6925-3901 E-mail: trainerksh@hanmail.net

Received 5 January 2016       Revised 4 January 2016       Accepted 9 October 2015

Copyright © 2016 The Korean Society of Sports Medicine

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

This study concerns norm-referenced criteria for isokinetic strength of the lower limbs for the Korean high school baseball players. Two hundred one high school baseball players were participated in this study. They didn't have any medical problem at the lower limbs. Each test was conducted four times in the ankle plantar flexion/dorsiflexion test at 30o/sec speed, knee flexion/ extension test was conducted four times at 60o/sec speed. Humac Norm (CSMI, USA) system was used to obtained the value of peak torque, peak torque % body weight. The results were presented as a norm-referenced criterion value using 5-point scale of cajori, by 5 group (6.06%, 24.17%, 38.30%, 24.17%, and 6.06%) and a few suggestions from this study as follows. The provided criterion of peak torque and peak torque % body weight are very useful information for baseball palyers, baseball coach, athletic trainers and sports injury rehabilitation experts, to utilize as an objective clinical assessment data.

Keywords: Baseball, Isokinetic strength, Peak torque, Lower extremity

REFERENCES

1.Korea Baseball Association. Baseball players' registration [Internet]. Seoul: Baseball Association News;c2015. [cited 2015 May 01]. Available from:. http://www.korea_baseball.com/news/notice/noitice_view.asp?CAT=N01&BBS=A1&PAGE=1&NUM=8512&PRNNUM=23.
2.Lim SK., Lee SI., Kang HD, et al. Norm-referenced criteria of the lower limb extensor and flexor for the Korea pro-baseball player. Korean J Physic Educ. 2002. 41:369–376.
3.Humer M., Kosters A., Muller E. Dynamic and static maximum strength in closed kinetic chain movements. Trunk flexion/extension and rotation. Sportverletz Sportschaden. 2011. 25:13–21.
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6.Sun SK., Jung DC., Lee KK, et al. A Research to set a standard norm of the knee extensor and flexor on muscular strength for adult population to ages. Korea Sport Res. 2006. 17:287–96.
7.Kim YB. Correlation among fast-ball, slider-speed, physique, and the related isokinetic muscular peak torque in university baseball pitcher [dissertation]. Seoul: Dankook University;2013.
8.Hagerman FC., Starr LM., Murray TF. Effect of long-term fitness program on professional baseball player. Phys Sportsmed 989: 17;. 101–19.
9.Baltzopoulos V., Brodie DA. Isokinetic dynamometry: applications and limitation. Sports Med. 1989. 8:101–16.
10.Perrine DH. Isokinetic exercise and assessment. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics;1993.
11.Chun SY., Jeon KK., Park DS. The effect of body composition and isokinetic knee and ankle strength of adult and elite football players. Korea J Sports Sci. 2012. 21:1385–95.
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Fig. 1.
Knee extension/flexion range of motion & seated position.
kjsm-34-48f1.tif
Fig. 2.
Ankle plantar flexion/ dorsiflexion range of motion & prone position.
kjsm-34-48f2.tif
Fig. 3.
The comparison of peak torque dorsiflexor and plantar flexor of ankle joint in each sports. (A) The values of peak torque dorsiflexor and plantar flexor of the right side ankle joint. (B) The values of peak torque dorsiflexor and plantar flexor of the left side ankle joint.
kjsm-34-48f3.tif
Fig. 4.
The comparison of peak torque % body weight (PT%BW) dorsiflexor and plantar flexor of ankle joint in each sports. (A) The values of PT%BW (%) dorsiflexor and plantar flexor of the right side ankle joint. (B) The values of PT%BW (%) dorsiflexor and plantar flexor of the left side ankle joint.
kjsm-34-48f4.tif
Fig. 5.
The comparison of peak torque extensor and flexor of knee joint in each sports. (A) The values of peak torque extensor of the right side knee joint. (B) The values of peak torque extensor of the left side knee joint. (C) The values peak torque flexor of the right side knee joint. (D) The values peak torque flexor of the left side knee joint.
kjsm-34-48f5.tif
Fig. 6.
The comparison of peak torque % body weight (PT%BW) extensor and flexor of knee joint in each sports. (A) The values of PT%BW (%) extensor of the right side knee joint. (B) The values of PT%BW (%) extensor of the left side knee joint. (C) The values PT%BW (%) flexor of the right side knee joint. (D) The values peak torque % body weight flexor of the left side knee joint.
kjsm-34-48f6.tif
Table 1.
Characteristics of subjects
Number Height (cm) Weight (kg) Age (yr) Career (yr) Body mass index (kg/m2) %Body fat (%)
201 176.20±5.61 76.58.±10.98 17.66±0.70 6.68±1.57 36.34±4.99 15.92±5.6

Values are presented as mean±standrad deviation.

Table 3.
The values of peak torque & peak torque % body weight ankle dorsiflexor and plantar flexor at 30o/sec speed
Muscle group Peak torque (Nm) Peak torque % body weight (%)
Dorsiflexor    
Right 34.06±5.81 45.19±6.97
Left 33.41±6.08 44.18±7.28
Plantar flexor    
Right 79.22±22.20 103.04±27.53
Left 77.17±20.45 101.81±26.14

Values are presented as mean±standrad deviation.

Table 2.
Norm-referenced criterion value using 5-point scale of cajori
Scale 5 4 3 2 1
Percentage (%) 6.06 24.17 38.30 24.17 6.06
Stage Very low Low Moderate High Very high
Table 4.
Norm-referenced criterion values of PT & peak PT%BW ankle dorsiflexor and plantar flexor at 30o/sec speed
Variable Stage Very low Low Moderate High Very high
PT (Nm) Dorsiflexor          
Right ＜25.4 25.4−31.2 31.3−36.9 37.0−42.7 ≥42.8
Left ＜24.4 24.4−30.3 30.4−36.4 36.5−42.5 ≥42.6
Plantar flexor          
Right ＜46.0 46.0−66.1 66.2−90.3 90.4−112.5 ≥112.6
Left ＜46.6 46.6−66.8 66.9−87.3 87.4−107.7 ≥107.8
PT%BW (%) Dorsiflexor          
Right ＜34.8 34.8−41.6 41.7−48.6 48.7−55.5 ≥55.6
Left ＜33.4 33.4−40.4 40.5−47.7 47.8−55.0 ≥55.1
Plantar flexor          
Right ＜61.8 61.8−89.1 89.2−116.7 116.8−144.2 ≥144.3
Left ＜62.7 62.7−88.6 88.7−114.8 114.9−140.9 ≥141.0

PT: peak torque, PT%BW: peak torque % body weight.

Table 5.
The values of peak torque & peak torque % body weight knee flexor and extensor at 60o/sec speed
Muscle group Peak torque (nm) Peak torque % body weight (%)
Flexor    
Righ 97.12±23.08 127.08±26.44
Left 96.18±23.92 127.09±30.69
Extensor    
Righ 198.17±36.83 258.95±44.55
Left 195.93±41.71 256.96±49.21

Values are presented as mean±standrad deviation.

Table 6.
Norm-referenced criterion values of PT and PT%BW knee flexor and extensor at 60o/sec speed
Variable Stage Very low Low Moderate High Very high
PT (Nm) Extensor          
Right ＜143.1 143.1−179.7 179.8−216.5 216.6−253.3 ≥253.4
Left ＜133.4 133.4−174.9 175.0−216.7 216.8−258.4 ≥258.5
Flexor          
Right ＜62.6 62.6−85.5 85.6−108.5 108.6−131.6 ≥131.7
Left ＜60.4 60.4−84.1 84.2−108.1 108.2−132.0 ≥132.1
PT%BW (%) Extensor          
Right ＜192.3 192.3−236.6 236.7−281.2 281.3−325.7 ≥325.8
Left ＜183.3 183.3−232.3 232.4−281.5 281.6−330.7 ≥330.8
Flexor          
Right ＜87.5 87.5−113.8 113.9−140.2 140.3−166.7 ≥166.8
Left ＜81.2 81.2−111.7 111.8−142.3 142.4−173.0 ≥173.1

PT: peak torque, PT%BW: peak torque % body weight.

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