Effects of Auditory Information and Expertise on the Kinematic Variables of Lower Extremity during Golf Iron Swing

Seok-Hee Kim

doi:10.5763/kjsm.2015.33.1.19

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Kim: Effects of Auditory Information and Expertise on the Kinematic Variables of Lower Extremity during Golf Iron Swing

Original Article

Korean J Sports Med 2015;33(1):19-28.

Published online: 19 January 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5763/kjsm.2015.33.1.19

Effects of Auditory Information and Expertise on the Kinematic Variables of Lower Extremity during Golf Iron Swing

Seok-Hee Kim

Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea

Correspondence: Seok-Hee Kim Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea Tel: +82-42-350-4821, Fax: +82-42-350-4839 E-mail: ksma@kaist.ac.kr

Received 17 October 2014 Revised 5 January 2015 Accepted 2 April 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine kinematic variables in golf swing depending on auditory information and expertise. The subjects were semi-professional 5 golfers and amateur 5 golfers. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance for repeated measures using SPSS program. The results were followed. The angular displacement of the shoulder joint's right was significant that skilled and unskilled group were according to the swing the most phase in the metronome. Unskilled group was significant difference to swing with the music performed in 4 phases. Angular displacement of the hip joint's right was significant difference that skilled group was to swing in all phases and unskilled group was showed significant differences in the 3 phase. Angular displacement of the hip joint's left was significant difference that skilled group in all phases except for two phase. Unskilled group was significant differences in all phases. The angular displacement of knee joint's right were significant difference that skilled group was to swing in all phases. Unskilled group was showed except for 1 phase a significant difference was found in all phases. The angular displacement of knee joint's left were significant difference that skilled group and unskilled group showed significant differences in all phases. The angular displacement of ankle joint's right and left ankle joint were significant differences, both skilled and unskilled group in all aspects. Consequently, efficient golf swing may affect that the accuracy considered over the regular rhythmic auditory training methods that provide auditory information.

Keywords: Auditory, Angular, Skill accuracy

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Fig. 1.

Field and target marking golf swing test.

Fig. 2.

Makers of subjects. ASIS: anterior superior iliac spine.

Fig. 3.

Phase of iron swing.

Table 1.

Physical characteristics of subjects

Subject	Age (y)	Height (cm)	Weight (kg)	Handicap
Skilled (n=5)	26.40±1.51	176.60±1.00	78.40±2.19	3
Un-skilled (n=5)	27.60±0.54	185.40±3.50	83.40±0.54	15.3

Table 2.

Hip angular displacement of auditory information and expertise

Phase	Group	Expertise	Right (^o)	Left (^o)
1	G1	Skilled	142.99±4.49	146.64±2.94
		Un-skilled	133.75±3.23	134.02±1.70
	G2	Skilled	156.51±3.46	135.04±2.93
		Un-skilled	132.41±4.29	137.67±2.05
	G3	Skilled	135.45±4.98	143.00±5.20
		Un-skilled	133.68±1.54	139.71±1.09
	F-value	Skilled	113.869	45.213
		Un-skilled	1.041	56.876
	Sig.	Skilled	0.000∗∗∗	0.000∗∗∗
		Un-skilled	0.360	0.000∗∗∗
2	G1	Skilled	148.31±2.63	141.54±2.29
		Un-skilled	146.83±4.38	130.53±0.77
	G2	Skilled	149.45±0.57	140.88±3.38
		Un-skilled	146.86±5.94	134.90±1.45
	G3	Skilled	147.98±1.62	140.89±3.03
		Un-skilled	145.23±4.56	134.80±1.07
	F-value	Skilled	3.262	0.297
		Un-skilled	0.622	86.358
	Sig.	Skilled	0.046	0.744
		Un-skilled	0.541	0.000∗∗∗
3	G1	Skilled	151.27±4.52	142.96±1.13
		Un-skilled	147.78±1.01	135.95±1.77
	G2	Skilled	151.44±2.13	145.39±0.69
		Un-skilled	151.47±1.71	139.31±0.90
	G3	Skilled	146.38±1.56	145.02±0.68
		Un-skilled	153.08±0.53	136.85±0.90
	F-value	Skilled	17.150	43.761
		Un-skilled	99.196	36.017
	Sig.	Skilled	0.000∗∗∗	0.000∗∗∗
		Un-skilled	0.000∗∗∗	0.000∗∗∗
4	G1	Skilled	145.74±9.92	133.35±5.49
		Un-skilled	151.84±4.03	136.29±1.30
	G2	Skilled	137.95±5.29	145.35±2.30
		Un-skilled	149.77±5.33	140.93±1.14
	G3	Skilled	148.01±5.39	134.46±4.73
		Un-skilled	153.04±4.78	138.29±1.03
	F-value	Skilled	10.908	47.436
		Un-skilled	2.438	81.299
	Sig.	Skilled	0.000∗∗∗	0.000∗∗∗
		Un-skilled	0.096	0.000∗∗∗

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. G1: general swing, G2: metronome swing, G3: music swing. ∗∗∗p＜0.001.

Table 3.

Knee angular displacement of auditory information and expertise

Phase	Group	Expertise	Right (^o)	Left (^o)
1	G1	Skilled	147.16±3.13	149.74±4.40
	G1	Unskilled	149.94±1.79	149.84±2.82
	G2	Skilled	151.52±1.43	152.21±1.67
	G2	Unskilled	150.84±1.54	147.95±1.35
	G3	Skilled	108.18±2.28	150.30±3.05
	G3	Unskilled	150.64±1.84	150.98±1.05
	F-value	Skilled	1897.800	3.018
	F-value	Unskilled	1.422	12.205
	Sig.	Skilled	0.000∗∗∗	0.057
	Sig.	Unskilled	0.250	0.000∗∗∗
²	G1	Skilled	144.47±1.45	141.66±0.48
	G1	Unskilled	143.21±1.40	142.44±0.81
	G2	Skilled	149.23±0.94	153.36±0.76
	G2	Unskilled	145.09±1.32	143.02±0.69
	G3	Skilled	106.85±1.32	142.97±0.74
	G3	Unskilled	143.97±0.63	144.97±1.47
	F-value	Skilled	6136.866	1612.320
	F-value	Unskilled	11.665	28.425
	Sig.	Skilled	0.000∗∗∗	0.000∗∗∗
	Sig.	Unskilled	0.000∗∗∗	0.000∗∗∗
3	G1	Skilled	147.42±2.18	136.12±3.76
	G1	Unskilled	141.72±0.53	138.92±1.81
	G2	Skilled	147.79±2.19	152.48±2.74
	G2	Unskilled	143.10±1.73	141.88±1.00
	G3	Skilled	104.97±1.33	142.86±1.45
	G3	Unskilled	141.40±0.66	139.94±1.23
	F-value	Skilled	3039.041	161.333
	F-value	Unskilled	12.372	22.155
	Sig.	Skilled	0.000∗∗∗	0.000∗∗∗
	Sig.	Unskilled	0.000∗∗∗	0.000∗∗∗
4	G1	Skilled	145.11±0.71	136.39±8.00
	G1	Unskilled	139.16±0.51	137.78±4.06
	G2	Skilled	148.25±1.43	154.06±3.35
	G2	Unskilled	142.44±1.88	142.39±2.34
	G3	Skilled	102.77±0.69	135.80±2.25
	G3	Unskilled	139.11±1.22	142.42±0.57
	F-value	Skilled	12057.393	81.747
	F-value	Unskilled	40.935	18.929
	Sig.	Skilled	0.000∗∗∗	0.000∗∗∗
	Sig.	Unskilled	0.000∗∗∗	0.000∗∗∗

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. G1, general swing; G2, metronome swing, G3, music swing. ∗∗∗p＜0.001.

Table 4.

Ankle angular displacement of auditory information and expertise

Phase	Group	Expertise	Right (^o)	Left (^o)
1	G1	Skilled	110.94±1.91	109.11±8.02
	G1	Un-skilled	128.02±1.18	112.74±3.10
	G2	Skilled	108.18±2.28	144.60±1.55
	G2	Un-skilled	107.88±1.73	265.29±6.75
	G3	Skilled	119.00±0.58	123.55±2.14
	G3	Un-skilled	108.40±0.53	114.45±3.29
	F-value	Skilled	194.863	254.428
	F-value	Unskilled	1598.753	6615.168
	Sig.	Skilled	0.000∗∗∗	0.000∗∗∗
	Sig.	Unskilled	0.000∗∗∗	0.000∗∗∗
2	G1	Skilled	113.78±1.96	98.45±1.07
	G1	Un-skilled	125.02±1.09	107.50±1.02
	G2	Skilled	106.85±1.32	140.28±2.35
	G2	Un-skilled	107.05±0.64	254.11±4.17
	G3	Skilled	119.27±0.48	118.42±0.88
	G3	Un-skilled	108.01±0.33	109.28±1.66
	F-value	Skilled	359.293	3153.179
	F-value	Unskilled	3177.358	17973.685
	Sig.	Skilled	0.000∗∗∗	0.000∗∗∗
	Sig.	Unskilled	0.000∗∗∗	0.000∗∗∗
3	G1	Skilled	108.23±9.59	96.25±1.02
	G1	Un-skilled	122.86±0.29	105.50±0.84
	G2	Skilled	104.97±1.33	133.60±3.08
	G2	Un-skilled	107.94±1.22	247.46±1.01
	G3	Skilled	114.69±4.05	114.55±2.03
	G3	Un-skilled	107.83±0.74	106.80±1.01
	F-value	Skilled	12.655	1353.313
	F-value	Unskilled	1984.298	136887.535
	Sig.	Skilled	0.000∗∗∗	0.000∗∗∗
	Sig.	Unskilled	0.000∗∗∗	0.000∗∗∗
4	G1	Skilled	109.25±5.85	101.69±6.45
	G1	Un-skilled	122.62±0.75	104.85±1.09
	G2	Skilled	103.04±1.17	141.21±4.29
	G2	Un-skilled	111.66±1.06	250.86±2.99
	G3	Skilled	115.87±2.03	117.44±2.78
	G3	Un-skilled	111.79±0.77	110.47±1.69
	F-value	Skilled	62.022	356.570
	F-value	Unskilled	1023.746	31510.539
	Sig.	Skilled	0.000∗∗∗	0.000∗∗∗
	Sig.	Unskilled	0.000∗∗∗	0.000∗∗∗

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. G1, general swing G2, metronome swing, G3, music swing. ∗∗∗p＜0.001.

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