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Kim and Kim: Attitudes and Dispositions toward Doping in Adolescent Elite Athletes
Clinical Article

Korean J Sports Med 2013;31(2):99-106.

Published online: 10 January 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5763/kjsm.2013.31.2.99

Attitudes and Dispositions toward Doping in Adolescent Elite Athletes

Tae Gyu Kim1, Eun Kuk Kim2,

1 Taeneung National Training Center of Korean Olympic Committee, Seoul

2 Department of Physical Education, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence: Eun Kuk Kim Department of Physical Education, Korea National Sport University, 1239 Yangjae-daero, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-763, Korea Tel: +82-2-410-6830, Fax: +82-2-410-6719 E-mail: eunkuk.kim@gmail.com

Received 2 October 2013       Revised 14 November 2013       Accepted 14 November 2013

Copyright © 2013 The Korean Society of Sports Medicine

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

For effective prevention of doping, individual and situational factors that make an elite athlete more susceptible to doping than others should be investigated. The aim of this study was to quantitatively measure doping related attitudes and dispositions of adolescent competitive athletes at elite level. Data were collected by questionnaires among athletes (n=123) who were participating in the 2nd Asian Youth Games. Outcome measures included doping knowledge, behavior and attitude (performance enhancement attitude scale, PEAS). One athlete admitted the past use of doping and 2 athletes reported that they knew others who had doped. Athletes were mainly provided with anti-doping information from anti-doping agency (16.3%), coaches (11.4%) or medical staffs (10.6%). The average PEAS score was 38.39±11.36. High school (elder) athletes showed higher PEAS score (39.63±11.35) than middle school (younger) athletes (34.53±10.67) and team sport athletes showed lower PEAS score (35.11±9.80) than athletes in endurance (45.08±15.49) or motor skill sports (43.25±9.08). This study suggests that many factors play an important role in athlete's decisions regarding the use of doping. Further research should incorporate these factors to understand the complexity of doping and to identify points for effective anti-doping program.

Keywords: Doping attitude, Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale, Adolescent elite athlete

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Fig. 1.
Analysis of sources of anti-doping information. KADA: Korea Anti-Doping Agency, KOC: Korean Olympic Committee.
kjsm-31-99f1.tif
Table 1.
Characteristics of participants and differences in doping attitudes between demographic groups
Variable n (%) PEAS score F p-value Post hoc
Age (y)     3.595 0.016 17＞14
   14 20 (16.3) 31.25±7.489      
   15 18 (14.6) 40.72±10.283      
   16 37 (30.1) 38.54±12.516      
   17 48 (39.0) 40.38±11.228      
Sex     1.814 0.181 –
   Male 78 (63.4) 37.35±12.154      
   Female 45 (36.6) 40.20±9.687      
School grade     4.716 0.032 –
   Middle 30 (24.4) 34.53±10.670      
   High 93 (75.6) 39.63±11.346      
Career (y)     1.584 0.209 –
   ≤5 57 (46.3) 37.61±10.925      
   6−9 57 (46.3) 38.16±11.720      
   10≤ 9 (7.4) 44.78±10.929      

Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation. PEAS: performance enhancement attitude scale.

Table 2.
Performance enhancement attitude scale (PEAS) scores in each sport
Event n (%) PEAS score (mean±standard deviation)
Table tennis 4 (3.3) 53.00±6.976
Taekwondo 2 (1.6) 48.00±4.243
Swimming 12 (9.8) 45.08±15.489
Weight lifting 9 (7.3) 44.44±16.048
Shooting 9 (7.3) 42.11±7.737
Fencing 2 (1.6) 41.50±3.536
Rugby 11 (8.9) 40.18±12.679
Judo 6 (4.9) 38.50±9.586
Squash 3 (2.4) 38.33±2.517
Badminton 2 (1.6) 38.00±19.799
Basketball 4 (3.3) 37.50±14.201
Handball 28 (22.8) 35.93±7.822
Athletic 13 (10.6) 34.38±8.352
Football 18 (14.6) 30.22±8.214
Total 123 (100) 38.39±11.357
Table 3.
Differences in performance enhancement attitude scale (PEAS) scores between sport types
Sport type n (%) PEAS score (mean±standard deviation) F p-value Post hoc
Speed/power 30 (24.4) 39.13±11.863 4.744 0.004 2＞4
Endurance 12 (9.8) 45.08±15.489     3＞4
Motor skill 20 (16.3) 43.25±9.084      
Team 61 (49.6) 35.11±9.803      

Speed/power: athletic, judo, taekwondo, weight lifting, Endurance: swimming, Motor skill: badminton, fencing, squash, shooting, table tennis, Team: basketball, football, handball, rugby.

Appendix 1.
Performance enhancement attitude scale
  1=매우 동의하지 않음, 2=동의하지 않음, 3=약간 동의하지 않음, 4=약간 동의함, 5=동의함, 6=매우 동의함
1. 도핑(금지약물복용 등)은 경쟁에 있어서 필수적이다.
2. 모든 사람(운동선수)들이 도핑을 하기 때문에 도핑은 부정행위가 아니다.
3. 운동선수가 부상 때문에 허비한 시간을 보충하기 위해 도핑 약물이 도움이 될 수 있다.
4. 운동을 잘 하는 것이 중요하지 잘하기 위한 방법은 중요하지 않다.
5. 나와 같은 종목의 운동선수들은 운동수행능력 향상을 위한 약물을 복용해야 한다는 압박감을 느끼고 있다.
6. 운동선수들이 기분전환을 위한 약물을 복용하는 것은 운동하는데 도움이 되기 때문이다.
7. 운동선수들이 규칙을 위반하면서 운동수행능력 향상을 위한 약물을 복용하는 것에 대해 죄책감을 느끼지 않아도 된다.
8. 도핑에 대한 부작용은 과장되어 있다.
9. 운동선수들은 스포츠 이외의 다른 직업을 선택할 기회가 없다.
10. 기분전환을 위한 약물은 최고 수준의 훈련과 경기를 할 수 있도록 동기를 부여해 준다.
11. 도핑은 경쟁적인 스포츠에서 피할 수 없는 부분이다.
12. 기분전환을 위한 약물은 훈련의 지루함을 극복하는데 도움이 된다.
13. 운동수행능력 향상을 위해 약물을 사용하는 것은 경기력 향상을 위해 특정 장비(예; 기록 향상을 위한 수영복 착용 등)를 사용하는 것과 큰 차이가 없다.
14. 언론(미디어)에서 도핑에 대해 적게 언급해야 한다.
15. 언론(미디어)에서 도핑 관련 문제를 확대해서 보도한다.
16. 도핑에 의한 부작용은 과도한 훈련에 의해 발생하는 건강 문제 및 부상과 비슷한 정도로 건강에 해롭다.
17. 운동능력을 향상을 위한 약물/방법들을 합법화 하는 것은 스포츠에 도움이 될 것이다.
<참고>
1. 운동수행능력향상을 위한 약물/방법: 흥분제(암페타민, 에피드린 등)-피로회복을 위해 복용, 베타차단제-긴장과 손떨림 진정을 위해 복용, 이뇨제-체중감량과 복용한 약물을 감추기 위해 복용, 스테로이드(테스토스테론)-근육성장을 가속화시키고 강도 높은 훈련을 더 오랫동안 할 수 있도록 하기 위해 복용, 성장호르몬-근육의 크기와 힘을 증가시키기 위해 복용, 적혈구조혈 (EPO)-적혈구 생산을 증가시켜 지구력을 향상시키기 위한 방법, 혈액도핑-근육에 공급되는 산소의 양을 증가시켜 지구력을 향상시키기 위한 방법.
2. 기분전환을 위한 약물: 진정제, 흡연과 음주, 대마초, 헤로인, 코카인, 흥분제, 환각제, 흡입제 및 고카페인 음료 등의 가벼운 환각/각성작용을 일으키는 약물.
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