The Effects of Acute Resistance Exercise on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury-Induced Macro and Microvascular Dysfunction in Healthy Young Adults

Eun Sun Yoon; Soo Hyun Park; Yong Hee Lee; Chong Lee; Sae Young Jae

doi:10.5763/kjsm.2013.31.2.107

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Yoon, Park, Lee, Lee, and Jae: The Effects of Acute Resistance Exercise on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury-Induced Macro and Microvascular Dysfunction in Healthy Young Adults

Clinical Article

Korean J Sports Med 2013;31(2):107-114.

Published online: 10 January 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5763/kjsm.2013.31.2.107

The Effects of Acute Resistance Exercise on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury-Induced Macro and Microvascular Dysfunction in Healthy Young Adults

Eun Sun Yoon¹, Soo Hyun Park¹, Yong Hee Lee¹, Chong Lee², Sae Young Jae^1,

¹ Department of Sport Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea

² Exercise and Wellness Program, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA

Correspondence: Sae Young Jae Department of Sport Science, University of Seoul, 163 Sirip-daero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-743, Korea Tel: +82-2-6490-2953, Fax: +82-2-6490-5204, E-mail: syjae@uos.ac.kr

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government [NRF-2012-S1A5B5A–07037711].

Received 24 December 2013 Revised 25 November 2013 Accepted 25 November 2013

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) leads to a temporary decrease in macrovascular function, but whether IRI causes microvascular dysfunction is not known. Resistance exercise involves muscular contractions that can make downstream tissues ischemic and may ischemic preconditioning the vasculature against endothelial IRI. We tested the hypothesis that an acute resistance exercise prior to IRI would prevent or attenuate IRI induced macro- and microvascular dysfunction in healthy young adults. Nineteen healthy young subjects (age 22±2 years) were randomly assigned to either a resistance exercise group (n=10) as a model to produce ischemic preconditioning or a control group (n=9). The resistance exercise was performed eight types of systemic resistance exercise. Ischemia was induced by inflating a cuff placed around the upper arm to 200 mm Hg for 20 minutes. carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) as index of macrovascular function and reactive hyperemia index (RHI) using by fingertip arterial tonometry as index of microvascular function were measured at baselines and 15 and 30 minutes after ischemia reperfusion injury. cfPWV was increased in control group but decreased in resistance exercise group following IRI. There was a significant interaction effect between resistance exercise group and control group for cfPWV (p=0.022). The RHI was unaffected following IRI and also unchanged by a resistance exercise. These findings show that ischemia reperfusion caused macrovascular dysfunction but not microvascular dysfunction. However, this macrovascular dysfunction following IRI was not shown in the resistance exercise group. Thus, an acute bout of resistance exercise prior to ischemia may prevent against ischemia reperfusion injury induced macrovascular dysfunction.

Keywords: Ischemic preconditioning, Resistance training, Vascular stiffness, Microvascular

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Fig. 1.

Experimental design. RE: resistance exercise.

Fig. 2.

Measurement of microvascular function. PAT: peripheral arterial tone.

Fig. 3.

Carotid femoral pulse wave velocity response to is-chemia-reperfusion injury. Values are presented as mean± standard deviation. p-value for time and trial interaction effect. RE: resistance exercise group, CON: control group, cfPWV; carotid femoral pulse wave velocity.

Fig. 4.

RHI response to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. RE: resistance exercise group, CON: control group, RHI: reactive hyperemia index, NS: not significant, p-value for time and trial interaction effect.

Table 1.

Physical characteristics of the subjects

Characteristic	RE (n=10)	CON (n=9)	p-values
Male/Female (n)	6/4	5/4
Age (y)	23±2	22±2	0.095
Height (cm)	170.80±7.08	169.00±8.02	0.610
Weight (kg)	66.65±12.95	66.72±12.24	0.990
BMI (kg/m²)	22.70±2.90	23.28±2.79	0.664
Muscle mass (kg)	50.62±11.17	49.81±11.93	0.880
Body fat (%)	18.71±4.90	20.83±6.17	0.416
Brachial SBP (mm Hg)	111.80±13.63	109.56±13.78	0.726
Brachial DBP (mm Hg)	64.90±7.08	66.11±10.35	5 0.767
AIx@75 bpm (%)	–8.45±12.62	–16.56±6.34	0.101
cfPWV (m/s)	6.61±0.96	6.25±0.93	0.418
RHI	2.41±0.93	2.12±0.65	0.446

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

RE: resistance exercise group, CON: control group, BMI: body mass index, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, AIx@75 bpm: augmentation index corrected for heart rate of 75 bpm, cfPWV: carotid femoral pulse wave velocity, RHI: reactive hyperemia index.

Table 2.

Augmentation index and blood pressure in response to a ischemia-reperfusion injury in a resistance exercise group and control group

Characteristic	Baseline	Reperfusion		p-values
Characteristic	Baseline	15 min	30 min	p-values
AIx@75 bpm (%)				0.895^*
RE	–8.45±12.62	–8.79±7.50	–10.20±8.48	0.104^†
CON	–16.56±6.34	–16.61±7.23	–13.61±11.56	0.338^‡
SBP (mm Hg)				0.992^*
RE	111.80±13.63	109.30±11.16	111.20±15.29	0.962^†
CON	109.56±13.78	111.67±7.95	110.33±10.89	0.579^‡
DBP (mm Hg)				0.001^*
RE	64.90±7.08	54.40±7.06	58.90±6.38	0.281^†
CON	66.11±10.35	59.89±9.20	62.67±6.44	0.387^‡

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

RE: resistance exercise group, CON: control group, AIx@75 bpm: augmentation index corrected for heart rate of 75 bpm, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure.

^* Time effect

^† Group effect;

^‡ Time×group interaction effect.

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