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INTRODUCTION
Chronic respiratory disease accounts for 4 million deaths annually, 4% of the global burden of disease, and 8.3% of chronic disease burden.1 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) is one of the main causes of mortality in Korea.2 The prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR), and rhinosinusitis is also increasing and has become the major health priority in Korea.3456 These preventable chronic respiratory diseases have a major adverse impact on quality of life, disability, and productivity, resulting in an increased socioeconomic burden.
Several recent retrospective analyses have used in Korean national health insurance databases to estimate the economic burden of asthma, AR, and COPD.7891011 These studies have provided an immediate insight into the economic burden to the Korean healthcare system; however, there is a lack of data assessing the broader impact of respiratory disease on patients (e.g., symptoms and impact on work productivity). Furthermore, there is limited data exploring the overall disease burden of multiple respiratory diseases using a standardised approach. A comprehensive understanding of the overall disease burden is important for identifying key signaling symptoms for respiratory disorders and for identifying cost-effective treatment strategies to minimize their impact and to appropriately allocate healthcare resources.
The Asia-Pacific Burden of Respiratory Diseases (APBORD) study is a cross-sectional, observational one which has used a standard protocol to examine the disease and economic burden of AR, asthma, COPD, and rhinosinusitis across the Asia-Pacific redion.1213 Here, we report the burden of respiratory diseases, including symptoms, healthcare resource use (HCRU), work impairment, and associated costs in Korea.
METHODS
Study design
This study formed part of the large multi-country, cross-sectional, observational study of adult patients receiving care for respiratory disease across 6 countries in the Asia-Pacific region (India, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand). The study consisted of site-based surveys administered to patients and physicians presenting with a primary diagnosis of respiratory disease during a routine visit to a healthcare provider. In Korea, subjects were recruited from 2 hospitals and 6 clinics between November 2012 and February 2013. The study was approved by Institutional Review Boards at Seoul National University Medical Center and Konkuk University Medical Center.
Patients
Patients presenting consecutively at each study site were assessed by the physician (respiratory specialist or primary care physician) during a routine consultation. The physician ascertained that the primary reason for the patient's visit was to receive care for respiratory disease. All patients receiving care for respiratory disease were screened for eligibility to participate in the study. Eligibility criteria included consecutive patients aged ≥18 years receiving care for a primary diagnosis of asthma, AR, COPD, or rhinosinusitis. Subjects were excluded if they had participated in any interventional clinical study within the 12 weeks prior to entering the current study. A patient could only participate in the study once, and no follow-up visits were recorded. Eligible patients were invited to participate in the study, and informed consent was obtained from each patient.
Data collection
During the study visit, physicians completed the Screening and Consent Log as well as the Physician Survey. The Consent Log captured the basic demographics and respiratory diagnosis of each eligible patient, and information on whether an eligible patient consented to participate in the study. The Physician survey comprised questions regarding to the patient's respiratory diagnosis. Physicians indicated which of the 4 diseases was the primary diagnosis and whether the patient had any other of the 4 diseases in addition to the primary diagnosis. Physicians also recorded medication use 4 weeks prior to the study visit and medications prescribed at the current visit.
The diagnosis of respiratory disease was defined by ICD-10 classifications.14 This excluded some infectious and parasitic diseases that may affect the respiratory system (e.g., tuberculosis) as well as neoplasms of the respiratory system. Diagnosis was made by the attending physician using criteria based on international guidelines for asthma, AR, COPD, and rhinosinusitis.15161718 The physician was required to indicate the clinical criteria for the diagnosis from a list of disease criteria adapted from these clinical practice guidelines for any patients with a new diagnosis of any of the 4 diseases. The patients' clinical management and physicians' usual diagnostic practices were not intended to be influenced by participation in the study; however, some patients may have been diagnosed using a more rigorous and standardized approach than prior to commencement of the study. No attempts were made to independently verify or confirm the patient's diagnosis, and no follow-up diagnostic tests were conducted.
Consenting patients completed the Patient Survey which included questions regarding to general demographics, respiratory symptoms, HCRU, and work productivity. Patients listed their respiratory-related symptoms at the current visit and identified their main symptoms leading to the current visit. HCRU included the number of visits to a general practitioner (GP), medical specialist, alternative and traditional medicine practitioner, pharmacist, emergency department, and hospital admissions in previous 4 weeks.
Work productivity was assessed using the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment-Specific Health Problem (WPAI-SHP) questionnaire.19 The WPAI-SHP measures amounts of absenteeism (work time lost) and presenteeism (lost on-the-job productivity) as well as daily activity impairment attributable to a specific health problem. The recall period in this questionnaire is 7 days.
Costs
A broad societal perspective was adopted for cost analysis. The costs were collected based on government and patient costs. Unit costs were sourced from Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA) and Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS). Average costs were calculated using the unit cost of the healthcare resource use item multiplied by reported HCRU in previous 4 weeks plus the current visit to the GP or specialist. For each medication class, one medication representative of the most commonly prescribed medication for respiratory disease was identified. The Dosing and duration of medication use was according to therapeutic guidelines.12 Lost productivity costs were calculated by multiplying the overall productivity lost from the WPAI questionnaire by the average monthly wage (estimated at KRW 3,259,799 from ILO Global Wage Database 2012). Four-week costs were multiplied by 2 to estimate annual costs. Costs were presented in USD using the exchange rate for September 15, 2014: 1 USD=1,040.20 KRW.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using SAS® for Windows, version 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The demographics and clinical characteristics of the patients were described using mean (SD) for continuous variables and number (percentage) for categorical variables. The percentage and 95% confidence intervals of the patient with each disease entity was calculated using the exact (Clopper-Pearson) method.
RESULTS
Patient demographics
A total of 4,439 patients were diagnosed with a respiratory disease and subsequently screened across 2 hospitals and 6 clinics in Korea. Of these, 4,439 patients 1,779 (40.1%) were considered eligible after screening, with 999 (56.2%) patients consenting and being enrolled in the study.
The mean (SD) age of the enrolled patients was 48.2 (SD 17.28) years, 58.4% of whom were female (Table). There were 50.6% of patients employed full-time or part-time. Sixty-four percent of the patients had never smoked. Of patients who had ever smoked, 39.3% were current smokers.
Frequency of respiratory disease
The most frequent primary diagnosis was AR (55.7%, 95%CI: 52.5%, 58.8%), followed by asthma (31.8%, 95%CI: 29.0%, 34.8%), rhinosinusitis (6.9%, 95%CI: 5.4%, 8.7%), and COPD (5.6%, 95%CI: 4.3%, 7.2%). Patients were frequently diagnosed with multiple respiratory diseases (Fig. 1). Overall, 428 (42.8%) of patients were diagnosed with a combination of the 4 diseases of interest. In particular, a large percentage of patients were diagnosed with a combination of one or more of the 4 diseases of interest (74.3%). The most common combination was AR plus asthma, with or without other conditions (232 patients, 23.2% of the total patients enrolled) and AR plus rhinosinusitis, with or without other conditions, (154 patients, 15.4% of the total patients enrolled).
Symptoms
To identify the main symptoms associated with each disease, patients were asked to report which symptom was their main reason for their current visit and to list all their current symptoms at the current visit (Fig. 2). Cough or coughing up phlegm was the most frequently reported main reason for the hospital visit for patients diagnosed with COPD (47.5%), and asthma (33.7%). For patients with a primary diagnosis of rhinosinusitis, blocked nose or congestion (21.7%) and cough or coughing up phlegm (20.3%) were the most frequently reported main reasons for the hospital visit. For patients with a primary diagnosis of AR, watery, runny nose (24.0%), and blocked nose and congestion (23.3%) were the most common main reasons.
Healthcare resource utilisation
Enrolled patients reported their HCRU associated with their main respiratory symptom in the 4 weeks prior to the hospital visit (Fig. 3). A larger percentage of patients with a primary diagnosis of AR and rhinosinusitis reported GP and specialist visits than those with asthma and COPD. A larger percentage of patients visited specialists than GP (rhinosinusitis 68.1% vs 23.2%, AR 65.9% vs 24.1%, asthma 44.2% vs 19.1%, and COPD 32.5% vs 10.0%). Few patients reported hospital admission or emergency department attendance for all the 4 diseases.
Medication use was high, with 70.4% of the patients prescribed medicines in the 4 weeks prior to the current visit and 98.3% prescribed medicine at the visit (Fig. 4). Patients with a primary diagnosis of COPD reported the highest previous medication use (87.5%), followed by those with asthma (80.2%), AR (64.0%), and rhinosinusitis (62.3%). The most frequently used medication was fixed-dose combination inhalers for asthma and inhaled anticholinergics for COPD. Patients with AR and rhinosinusitis most frequently used antihistamines.
Work productivity loss and activity impairment
Patients completed the WPAI questionnaire to assess the impact of AR, asthma, COPD, and rhinosinusitis on activity impairment and work productivity loss (Fig. 5). Across all conditions, presenteeism (percentage impairment at work) was a more significant contributor to the productivity loss reported than absenteeism (percentage work time missed). On average, patients with AR (39.5%, SD 28.74) or rhinosinusitis (38.7%, SD 28.93) reported higher productivity loss than those with a primary diagnosis of asthma (32.6%, SD 30.05) and COPD (15.4%, SD 23.30). Activity impairment was similarly impacted across all conditions.
Costs
Total costs by primary diagnosis are presented in Fig. 6. Overall, the mean annual cost for patients with a respiratory disease was US$8,853 (SD 11,245) per capita. For patients who reported impairment at work as a result of the disease, the mean annual cost was US$16,367 (SD 11,999) with productivity loss of the highest cost component being US$14,859 (SD 11,947). Patients with a primary diagnosis of rhinosinusitis and asthma had the highest direct medical costs. Medication use was the main driver of direct medical costs for patients with a primary diagnosis of asthma (58.0% of direct medical costs), COPD (57.4%), rhinosinusitis (49.5%), and AR (40.5%). The main driver of direct non-medical costs was specialist visits for all 4 diseases (AR, 42.9%; COPD, 39.9%; rhinosinusitis, 38.7%; and asthma, 34.3%).
DISCUSSION
This study investigated the disease burden of 4 highly prevalent respiratory diseases in Korea using a standard protocol. Results of this study demonstrate that patients are frequently diagnosed with multiple respiratory disorders. The mean annual cost for patients with a respiratory disease was US$8,853, with lost productivity being the main contributor to overall costs.
Previous research has shown that patients with concomitant respiratory disease have greater morbidity and health care resource use.20 The present study found that patients were frequently diagnosed with multiple respiratory disorders (42.8%), with asthma/AR and AR/rhinosinusitis being the most frequently diagnosed combinations. This finding is consistent with those of previous studies showing that AR is strongly associated with the development of asthma and rhinosinusitis.521 Early identification of patients with concomitant respiratory disease can lead to improvement in patient outcomes. Kim et al.22 found that following continual treatment, patients with asthma and concomitant rhinosinusitis had similar lung function and HCRU as those with asthma only. Therefore, it is important to identify symptoms that indicate the potential presence of multiple respiratory disorders.
In our study, cough or coughing up phlegm was the primary reason for the medical visit for patients with a primary diagnosis of asthma or COPD, whereas nasal symptoms (watery runny nose, blocked nose, and congestion) were the main reasons in those with AR or rhinosinusitis. Interestingly, a large percentage of patients with rhinosinusitis also reported cough or coughing up phlegm as a main symptom. For patients with AR, the presence of cough may reflect a concomitant respiratory condition, such as asthma and rhinosinusitis. A larger number of patients with asthma or rhinosinusitis present with cough and their frequent association with AR, which suggests that patients with AR presenting with cough should be investigated comprehensively for other serious disorders, especially asthma and rhinosinusitis.
Globally, COPD and asthma have been established as significant contributors to the burden of disease.1 This study found that the economic burden of AR and rhinosinusitis was as great as that of asthma and COPD. Considering the high prevalence of AR and rhinosinusitis in Korea46 and the high frequency with which healthcare providers attended AR patients (approximately half of patients in the current sample had a primary diagnosis of AR), the economic burden of AR in Korea is substantial.
The primary driver of costs for all 4 diseases was indirect costs due to work productivity loss. Previous retrospective cost studies of respiratory diseases in Korea only included lost work productivity from absenteeism due to medical visits and hospitalization.7891011 Subsequently, indirect costs due to work productivity loss were found to be a less significant contributor to overall costs. The current study interviewed patients directly to assess lost work productivity using the WPAI. Presenteeism was shown to be a far bigger contributor factor to lost work productivity than absenteeism from work. WPAI scores were similar between previous studies in the US and European populations.232425 Therefore, medical interventions that prevent lost work productivity would greatly reduce the economic impact of respiratory disease.
Interestingly, patients with a primary diagnosis of COPD had relatively lower costs compared to the other respiratory diseases included in this analysis. There are several potential reasons for this finding. On average, patients with COPD were older and more likely to retire. Therefore, COPD has a less impact on indirect costs associated with lost work productivity. Furthermore, the present study only recruited patients visiting specialists and GPs. Patients with severe COPD are more likely to be managed in hospitals rather than in outpatient departments or clinics. Previous research found that direct healthcare costs were approximately 3 times higher in high-grade COPD compared to milder COPD, with inpatient hospital services being the main driver of costs.9 Finally, evidence suggests that COPD is underdiagnosed and undertreated in Korea.2 Therefore, some patients with COPD may not have been identified for inclusion in this study.
The most significant contributors to direct medical costs were medications and specialist visits for all 4 respiratory diseases. Hospitalization was very infrequent and thus did not contribute significantly to direct medical costs in this study. Similar findings of more frequent medication and outpatient services but low inpatient hospital costs have previously been observed in retrospective cost analyses for AR and asthma.7891011 Furthermore, a previous survey reported that a vast majority of allergic patients in Korea are treated by otolaryngologists rather than GPs.26 Previous studies demonstrated that proper management and high medication use are associated with a reduction in exacerbation requiring hospitalizations and overall direct medical costs.2728 The overall results of APBORD documented that hospitalization was a main driver of costs across the Asia-Pacific region. This suggests that management of patients in Korea can reduce acute exacerbations requiring hospitalizations.
A limitation to the current analysis is that the impacts of respiratory illness on a person's inability to care for family, loss of income, psychological factors, and quality of life were not included. Such intangible costs have been shown to considerably add to the economic burden of respiratory disease.10 This study recruited adult patients presenting to primary care physicians and specialist medical practices in urban settings of convenience; it was not the intention of the study to obtain prevalence estimates that are generalizable to the entire population of the country. As such, study participants may not be entirely representative of the broader population with respiratory disease. Furthermore, only adult patients were recruited from urban center, and results may not be generalizable to either patients under 18 years of age or to rural populations.
In summary, this study provides an insight into the identification and economic burden of respiratory disease in Korea. Timely identification of symptoms is important in implementing effective disease management, especially in patients with multiple respiratory diseases. A future goal for disease management should not only be to reduce direct healthcare costs, such as hospitalisations, but also to prevent work productivity loss.
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