Journal List > Allergy Asthma Immunol Res > v.8(3) > 1052576

TOOLS
Fan, Wang, Wang, Wang, Zhang, Li, Fan, Cao, Van Crombruggen, and Zhang: Allergen-Dependent Differences in ILC2s Frequencies in Patients With Allergic Rhinitis
Original Article

Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research 2016; 8(3): 216-222.

Published online: 30 November 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2016.8.3.216

Allergen-Dependent Differences in ILC2s Frequencies in Patients With Allergic Rhinitis

Dachuan Fan1, 2, 4, , Xiangdong Wang1, 2, , Min Wang2, Yang Wang2, Liang Zhang2, Ying Li2, Erzhong Fan2, Feifei Cao1, 2, Koen Van Crombruggen3, Luo Zhang1, 2

1Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China.

2Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing 100005, China.

3Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.

4Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.

Correspondence to: Luo Zhang, MD, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, No. 17, HouGouHuTong, DongCheng District, Beijing 100005, China. Tel: +8610-65141136; Fax: +8610-85115988; dr.luozhang@139.com

Equal contributor:

Dachuan Fan and Xiangdong Wang contributed equally to this paper.

Received 4 July 2015       Revised 3 September 2015       Accepted 15 September 2015

Copyright © 2016 The Korean Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Clinical Immunology • The Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are a novel population of lineage-negative cells that induce innate type 2 responses by producing the critical Th2-type cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 in response to IL-25 and IL-33 stimulation. ILC2s accumulation in the peripheral blood of patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) is controversial; the precise role of ILC2s in the immunopathogenesis of AR is still not clear. We investigated the role of ILC2s in phenotypic AR sensitized to distinct allergens.

Methods

Flow cytometric analysis of the peripheral blood of 7 healthy controls (HCs), 9 patients monosensitized to house dust mite (HDM), and 8 patients monosensitized to mugwort was performed to quantify ILC2s frequency. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from HDM-AR and mugwort-AR patients, and Lineage- and Lineage+ cells were separated using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). IL-5 and IL-13 levels in the supernatants of PBMCs, and Lineage- and Lineage+ cells stimulated with IL-25 and/or IL-33 combined with IL-2 in vitro were assessed using the Milliplex magnetic bead kit.

Results

The percentage of ILC2s was significantly elevated in HDM-AR patients compared to mugwort-AR patients and HCs, while no significant difference was found between mugwort-AR patients and HCs. IL-33±IL-25 plus IL-2 induced a significantly greater release of IL-5 and IL-13 in the PBMCs of HDM-AR patients compared to PBMCs of mugwort-AR patients. IL-25 plus IL-2 also induced a significantly greater release of IL-13 in the PBMCs of HDM-AR patients compared to PBMCs of mugwort-AR patients. Stimulation with IL-33 and/or IL-25 combined with IL-2 also induced a significantly greater IL-5 and IL-13 release from Lineage- cells compared to Lineage+ cells.

Conclusions

AR patients sensitized to HDM or mugwort allergen have distinct phenotypic and functional profiles in ILC2s frequencies. ILC2s mediate major type 2 immunity in the development of HDM-AR and may be a potential therapeutic target.

Keywords: ILC2, IL-33, IL-25, group 2 innate lymphoid cell, allergic rhinitis

INTRODUCTION

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were originally described as a novel population of lineage-negative cells that induced innate type 2 responses by producing the critical Th2-type cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 in response to IL-25 and IL-33.123 ILC2s are reported to contribute to helminth expulsion, airway hyper-responsiveness, airway remodeling, and homeostasis,24567 and also appear to serve as key players in the development of allergic inflammation. Indeed, house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthma is accompanied by increased numbers of ILC2s in lung and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,8 and in murine models of asthma pulmonary ILC2s have been reported to produce over half of the IL-5 and IL-13 after intranasal administration of IL-25/IL-33.8 Similarly, human ILC2s have been found to be enhanced in the peripheral blood of patients with asthma and up-regulate innate type 2 immune responses via IL-25/IL-33-stimulated production of IL-5 and IL-13,9 thus highlighting the potentially critical role of ILC2s in allergic disease.
The relationship between allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma is well established by the concept of a "united airway."10 AR is an inflammatory disease of the nasal mucous membrane, resulting as a consequence of allergen-mediated response of mast cells characterized by the release of a variety of Th2 cytokines, which have clear-cut effects on eosinophil survival and allergen-specific IgE synthesis.1112 More recently, Doherty et al.13 have reported that nasal challenge using cat allergen in cat-sensitized adults with a current history of rhinitis symptoms on exposure to cat significantly increase the percentage of ILC2s in the peripheral blood of these subjects, compared to baseline levels and diluent challenge, 4 hours after challenge. However, another recent study has demonstrated that the prevalence of ILC2s is greater in blood from subjects with allergic asthma than from those with AR and that PBMCs from asthmatics produce significantly greater amounts of IL-5 and IL-13 in response to IL-25 or IL-33 than those from AR subjects.9 The same study suggested that the differences in ILC2s and innate type 2 responses in these diseases may be a consequence of immunopathogenic differences. We hypothesized that the difference in the number of ILC2s may be related to the distinct clinical features of AR and/or to different allergen exposure. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the ILC2 population and to investigate the potential role of ILC2 in the distinct subtypes of AR monosensitized to HDM or mugwort.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study design and subjects

Nine AR patients monosensitized to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus)/D. farinae (HDM-AR) from June to July in 2014 and 8 AR patients monosensitized to Artemisia argyi (mugwort-AR) in September 2014, the peak mugwort season, were recruited from the AR clinic at Beijing TongRen Hospital. Seven volunteers with no symptoms of AR and a negative skin prick test result to common allergens (D. pteronyssinus/D. farinae, animal hair, tree mix, grass mix, cereal mix, mugwort, dandelion, giant ragweed, Chenopodium album, Humulus species, locust bean, Blatellagermanica, pine, plantain, Curvularialunata, Candida albicans, Penicilliumnotatum, Alternaria tenuis, and Aspergillusfumigatus) were enrolled as healthy controls (HCs).
All participants rated the severity of their symptoms of rhinorrhea, sneezing, nasal obstruction, nasal pruritus, and ocular pruritus on a scale of 0-3 (0=symptom not present; 1=mild, symptom present but not bothersome; 2=moderate, symptom bothersome but easily tolerated; and 3=severe, symptom difficult to tolerate), which were expressed as the Total 5 Symptom Score (T5SS). All patients were required to have persistent AR according to the ARIA criteria,14 with 1 or more severe symptoms, as scored according to the T5SS scale, and equal or greater than class 2 serum-specific IgE against D. pteronyssinus/D. farinae or Artemisia argyi (EUROBlotMaster 44, Lübeck, Schleswing-Holstein, Germany) to be included in the study. Patient characteristics are summarized in Table. Patients who took antihistamines, steroids, or leukotriene receptor antagonists within 4 weeks, immunotherapy for any allergen, or had an allergic reaction to any drug within the last 2 weeks were excluded from the study. Similarly, patients who had asthma and those who had an acute infection within the last 4 weeks or were smokers within the past 12 months were excluded, as were pregnant patients. The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee, and informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to enrolment in the study.

Analysis of ILC2s by flow cytometry

We followed the strategy used by Mjösberg et al.15 Whole blood cells were stained with a fluoresceinisothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated lineage cocktail, phycoerythrin-CY7-conjugated anti-CD127 Ab and phycoerythrin-conjugated anti-CRTH2 Ab, or the respective isotype Abs (all from BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA, USA), and a cell lineage cocktail comprising antibodies to CD3, CD14, CD16, CD19, CD34, CD123, CD11c, TCRαβ, and TCRγδ expressed on T cells, monocytes, macrophages, B cells, mast cells, dendritic cells, and hematopoietic progenitor cells. We gated on cells lacking lineage markers and examined expression of CD127 and CRTH2 within this population; with all Lineage-CD127+CRTH2+ lymphocytes considered ILC2s (Fig. 1). Finally, cell count was performed using a FACSAriaII flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA). Data were analyzed using FACSDiva software (BD Biosciences). The number of ILC2s is expressed as a percentage of all lymphocytes.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and lineage-positive and-negative cells in response to IL-33 and IL-25 in vitro

Heparinized blood (10 mL) was obtained from all HMD-AR and mugwort-AR patients, and PBMCs were collected from the blood by Ficoll-Plaque Plus density gradient centrifugation. The PBMCs were stained with the FITC-lineage cocktail as described above and were separated into 2 fractions of Lineage+ and Lineage- cells based on the lineage markers, using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (BD FACSAriaII; BD Biosciences). The Lineage+ and Lineage- cells were washed by suspension and centrifugation at 300 g for 8 minutes in fresh RPMI 1640 medium, and were then resuspended in RPMI 1640 media containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin (100 U/mL), and streptomycin (100 mg/mL). PBMCs (1.5-2×106 cells/mL), Lineage+ cells, and Lineage- cells (2-2.5×105 cells/mL) were cultured in 96-well round-bottom plates at 37℃ with 5% CO2 in air atmosphere for 24 hours in the presence of 50 ng/mL IL-25, 50 ng/mL IL-33, or their combination (all from R&D Systems Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA), together with IL-2 (20 U/mL), a cytokine necessary for lymphoid cell activation.16 At the end of culture, the cell-free supernatants were collected from each well and assessed for the presence of IL-5 and IL-13, using a Milliplex magnetic bead kit (EMD Millipore Corp, Billerica, MA, USA) as recommended by the manufacturer.

Statistical analysis

Qualitative variables were compared between the groups by χ2 tests, and continuous variables were analyzed by the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test for unpaired comparison. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 19.0 statistical software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) and graphs were generated using the prism software (version 4.00; GraphPad, La Jolla, CA, USA). All tests were 2-tailed, and P values of less than 0.05 were considered significant.

RESULTS

Clinical characteristics of the patients

A total of 17 AR patients monosensitized to HDM or mugwort and 7 HCs were enrolled in this study. Mugwort-AR patients were closely confined to the grass pollen season with allergic symptoms. There were no significant age, gender, or disease differences between the groups. Similarly, there were no significant differences in T5SS and specific IgE levels between the HDM-AR and mugwort-AR patient groups (Table).

Assessment of ILC2s in the peripheral blood of HDM/mugwort-AR patients and HC subjects

The number of ILC2s was significantly higher in peripheral blood of HDM-AR patients compared to HCs (Fig. 2, P=0.001) as well as compared to mugwort-AR patients (Fig. 2, P=0.005). In contrast, the levels of ILC2s in mugwort-AR patients and HCs were not significantly different (Fig. 2, P=0.192).

Assessment of IL-5 and IL-13 released from the PBMCs of HDM/mugwort-AR patients

In the presence of IL-2, the release of IL-5 by PBMCs from AR patients was significantly increased by incubation with IL-33 alone and in combination with IL-25 compared to incubation with IL-25 alone (Fig. 3A; P=0.020 and 0.003, respectively), IL-2 alone (Fig. 3A; P=0.006 and 0.011, respectively), or medium (Fig. 3A; P=0.002 and 0.002, respectively). In contrast, IL-25 plus IL-2 did not significantly alter the levels of IL-5 compared to IL-2 alone or medium (Fig. 3A).
Similarly, in the presence of IL-2, the release of IL-13 from the PBMCs of AR patients was significantly increased by incubation with IL-33 alone and in combination with IL-25 compared to incubation with IL-25 alone (Fig. 3B; P=0.005 and 0.000, respectively), IL-2 alone (Fig. 3B; P=0.002 and 0.002, respectively), or medium (Fig. 3B; P=0.000 and 0.000, respectively). In addition, IL-25 plus IL-2 significantly induced higher IL-13 production from PBMCs compared to IL-2 alone (Fig. 3B; P= 0.034), or medium (Fig. 3B; P=0.008).
Subgroup analysis between HDM-AR and mugwort-AR patients further demonstrated that IL-33 plus IL-2 as well as the combination of IL-33 and IL-25 plus IL-2 induced a significantly greater release of IL-5 (Fig. 4A; P=0.048, 0.014, respectively) and IL-13 (Fig. 4B; P=0.011 and 0.011, respectively) from the PBMCs of HDM-AR patients compared with mugwort-AR patients. IL-13 release was also significantly higher in the PBMCs of HDM-AR patients stimulated with IL-25 plus IL-2 compared to mugwort-AR patients (Fig. 4B; P=0.010).

IL-5 and IL-13 released from Lineage cells

Since an extremely small number of ILC2s were present in PBMCs (Fig. 2), ILCs were not suitably obtained for further culture experiments. Assessment of IL-33- and/or IL-25-induced release of IL-5 and IL-13 from the total Lineage-positive and total linage-negative cells in the presence of IL-2 demonstrated that Lineage- cells released significantly greater amounts of IL-5 compared to Lineage+ cells following stimulation with IL-33+IL-25+IL-2, IL-33+IL-2, and IL-25+IL-2 (Fig. 5A; P=0.021, 0.020, and 0.021, respectively). Similarly, Lineage- cells also released significantly greater amounts of IL-13 compared to Lineage+ cells after stimulation with IL-33+IL-25+IL-2, IL-33+IL-2, and IL-25+IL-2 (Fig. 5B; P=0.020, 0.021, and 0.043, respectively).

DISCUSSION

This study demonstrated that Chinese HDM-AR patients contained a significantly higher level of blood ILC2s compared to mugwort-AR patients and HC subjects. Furthermore, both IL-5 and IL-13 were released in significantly greater amounts from the PBMCs of HDM-AR patients in response to IL-33 and/or IL-25 combined with IL-2 than from similarly stimulated PBMCs from mugwort-AR patients; and Lineage- cells, rather than Th2 cells, were the main source of IL-5 and IL-13 in the HDM-AR patients. These findings suggest that ILC2s induce major innate type 2 immunity and play a predominant role in the development of HDM-AR.
Our finding that the percentage of ILC2s was not increased in the group of patients with mugwort-AR is in accordance with those of a recent study by Bartemes et al.9 However, another recent study by Lao-Araya et al.17 has demonstrated that the proportion of ILC2s was elevated in seasonal Timothy grass (Phleum pratense)-sensitized AR subjects, 66.7% of whom were polysensitized to HDM allergen. This finding suggests that HDM allergens per se may possibly show higher immunogenicity toward ILC2s than plant allergens, such as mugwort pollen, or may stimulate inflammatory responses through different mechanisms from pollen allergens, which lead to differential generation of ILC2s. Indeed, while allergic immune responses to the major mugwort pollen allergen Art v 1, a modular glycosylated protein,18 are characterized by IgE binding and T-cell proliferation;1819 HDM-mediated direct nonspecific damage and allergic reactions in the respiratory epithelium2021 are induced by trypsin/chymotrypsin-like enzymatic activities associated with mite allergens.2223 These findings support the concept that sensitization to HDM allergens may potentially lead to greater epithelial cell-derived IL-33 release and generation of systemic ILC2s than sensitization to mugwort allergen, and thus provide a plausible explanation for the clear differences in ILC2s numbers noted between HDM- and mugwort-allergic patients in our study.
In this study, IL-33 in the presence of IL-2 was a strong stimulator of ILC2s compared to IL-25 in the presence of IL-2, and ILC2s induced acute innate inflammation 24 hours after culture with IL-33 and IL-2, even after 5 days of chronic stimulation.9 IL-33, an epithelial cell-derived cytokine, has been shown to be significantly increased in the nasal secretions of subjects with AR compared to the nasal secretions of healthy control subjects,24 and play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic sensitization.25 Furthermore, IL-33 has been shown to be a potent stimulus for ILC2s activation and migration in vitro,2627 and promote the expansion of ILC2s into the airway in the initiation of HDM-induced Th2 immunity.25 Collectively, these results raise the possibility that recruitment and activation of ILC2s in AR could be triggered by humoral factors, such as IL-33, which are released from the nasal mucosa of AR following exposure to allergens.
Although no relationship between circulating ILC2s and symptom scores of AR patients was found in this study (data not shown), it is possible that such a relationship may be dependent on a correlation between the number of ILC2s in the nasal mucosa of AR patients and the severity of disease in these individuals. Several studies have demonstrated that ILC2s are enriched in patients with nasal polyps and are positively associated with Th2-cell proportion and eosinophil count.28293031 Moreover, endoscopic sinus surgeries or systemic corticosteroid treatment have been shown to be correlated with reduced polyp ILC2s,2930 suggesting that a decrease in ILC2s at the sinonasal mucosal barrier may relieve ongoing local inflammation. Clearly, further research into the precise roles of ILC2s in the nasal mucosa and the regulatory pathway influencing the expression of epithelial and Th2 cytokine in the context of AR is required, along with a better understanding of the allergic onset, exacerbation, or progression of the ILC2s-mediated inflammation. Thus, targeting ILC2s could be a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of AR, although this needs to be investigated in large well-designed trials.
In summary, this study demonstrated that the relative number of ILC2s in the total lymphocyte fraction was significantly increased in the blood of Chinese subjects with HDM-AR, but not in subjects with mugwort-AR. It is possible that differences in ILC2s frequencies between the 2 groups of patients may be related to differences in the allergenicity of sensitizing agents. Importantly, however, ILC2s may play an important role in the pathogenesis of HDM-AR by producing large amounts of IL-5 and IL-13 in response to IL-25 and/or IL-33.

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1

Sequential gating strategy for peripheral blood ILC2s. Lymphocytes were detected from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (left) and lineage-negative cells gated (middle). Lineage-negative lymphocytes were further assessed for the expression of CD127 and CD294 (CRTH2) or isotype control staining (right). ILC2s were identified as lineage-negative CD127+CRTH2+ lymphocytes (The example shown is typical for a patient with HDM-AR).

aair-8-216-g001
Fig. 2

Percentage of Lineage-CD127+CRTH2+ ILC2s in the lymphocyte fractions of healthy controls (n=7) and patients with HDM-AR (n=9) and mugwort-AR (n=8). Each point represents an individual patient sample, and the horizontal bars indicate the mean for each group. Significance of differences was analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test (**P<0.01).

aair-8-216-g002
Fig. 3

IL-2-, IL-33-, and/or IL-25-induced (A) IL-5 and (B) IL-13 release from the PBMCs of AR patients (n=9). Data are shown as mean±SEM, and significance of differences were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test (*P<0.05; **P<0.01).

aair-8-216-g003
Fig. 4

IL-2-, IL-33-, and/or IL-25-induced release of (A) IL-5 and (B) IL-13 from the PBMCs of patients monosensitized to HDM (HDM-AR, n=5) or mugwort (mugwort-AR, n=4). Data are shown as mean±SEM, and significance of differences were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test (*P<0.05).

aair-8-216-g004
Fig. 5

IL-2-, IL-33-, and/or IL-25-induced release of (A) IL-5 and (B) IL-13 from Lineage- and Lineage+ cells separated from the PBMCs of patients with HMD-AR. Data are shown as mean±SEM, and significance of differences were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test (*P<0.05).

aair-8-216-g005
Table

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients

aair-8-216-i001
Characteristics Healthy controls Patients with HDM-AR Patients with Mugwort-AR
Sex (male/female) 2/5 2/7 5/3
Mean age (range), (yr) 30 (25-50) 29 (19-46) 31.3 (25-43)
Atopic dermatitis (%) 0 (0) 1 (11) 2 (22)
Chronic rhinosinusitis (%) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (11)
Total 5 Symptom Score (mean±SD) 0 10.1±2.5 9.5±2.7
specific IgE (kU/mL), (mean±SD) - 21.9±33.5 14.4±16.7
Allergen, positive/subjects tested 0/7 9/9 8/8
Artemisia argyi (%) - 0 (0) 8 (100)
D. pteronyssinus/D. farinae (%) - 9 (100) 0 (0)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported by grants from the program for Changjiang scholars and innovative research team (IRT13082), the 12th five-year science and technology support project (2014BAI07B04), the national natural science fund for the major international joint research program (81420108009), the national natural science foundation of China (81100704, 81441029, and 81441031), Beijing natural science foundation (7131006), Beijing municipal administration of hospitals clinical medicine development of special funding support (ZYLX201310), the capital health research and development of special (2011-1017-06), the specialized research fund for the doctoral program of higher education of China (20111107120004), the special fund of sanitation elite reconstruction of Beijing (2009-2-007), Beijing health bureau program for high-level talents (2009-2-007, 2011-3-039, 2011-3-043 and 2014-3-018) and Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals' Mission Plan (SML20150203).

Notes

There are no financial or other issues that might lead to conflict of interest.

References

1. Moro K, Yamada T, Tanabe M, Takeuchi T, Ikawa T, Kawamoto H, et al. Innate production of T(H)2 cytokines by adipose tissue-associated c-Kit(+)Sca-1(+) lymphoid cells. Nature. 2010; 463:540–544.
2. Neill DR, Wong SH, Bellosi A, Flynn RJ, Daly M, Langford TK, et al. Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity. Nature. 2010; 464:1367–1370.
3. Price AE, Liang HE, Sullivan BM, Reinhardt RL, Eisley CJ, Erle DJ, et al. Systemically dispersed innate IL-13-expressing cells in type 2 immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010; 107:11489–11494.
4. Fallon PG, Ballantyne SJ, Mangan NE, Barlow JL, Dasvarma A, Hewett DR, et al. Identification of an interleukin (IL)-25-dependent cell population that provides IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 at the onset of helminth expulsion. J Exp Med. 2006; 203:1105–1116.
5. Kim HY, Chang YJ, Subramanian S, Lee HH, Albacker LA, Matangkasombut P, et al. Innate lymphoid cells responding to IL-33 mediate airway hyperreactivity independently of adaptive immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012; 129:216–227.e1-6.
6. Chang YJ, Kim HY, Albacker LA, Baumgarth N, McKenzie AN, Smith DE, et al. Innate lymphoid cells mediate influenza-induced airway hyper-reactivity independently of adaptive immunity. Nat Immunol. 2011; 12:631–638.
7. Monticelli LA, Sonnenberg GF, Abt MC, Alenghat T, Ziegler CG, Doering TA, et al. Innate lymphoid cells promote lung-tissue homeostasis after infection with influenza virus. Nat Immunol. 2011; 12:1045–1054.
8. Klein Wolterink RG, Kleinjan A, van Nimwegen M, Bergen I, de Bruijn M, Levani Y, et al. Pulmonary innate lymphoid cells are major producers of IL-5 and IL-13 in murine models of allergic asthma. Eur J Immunol. 2012; 42:1106–1116.
9. Bartemes KR, Kephart GM, Fox SJ, Kita H. Enhanced innate type 2 immune response in peripheral blood from patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014; 134:671–678.e4.
10. Meltzer EO, Szwarcberg J, Pill MW. Allergic rhinitis, asthma, and rhinosinusitis: diseases of the integrated airway. J Manag Care Pharm. 2004; 10:310–317.
11. Pawankar R, Mori S, Ozu C, Kimura S. Overview on the pathomechanisms of allergic rhinitis. Asia Pac Allergy. 2011; 1:157–167.
12. Mandhane SN, Shah JH, Thennati R. Allergic rhinitis: an update on disease, present treatments and future prospects. Int Immunopharmacol. 2011; 11:1646–1662.
13. Doherty TA, Scott D, Walford HH, Khorram N, Lund S, Baum R, et al. Allergen challenge in allergic rhinitis rapidly induces increased peripheral blood type 2 innate lymphoid cells that express CD84. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014; 133:1203–1205.
14. Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Fokkens WJ, Togias A, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen). Allergy. 2008; 63:Suppl 86. 8–160.
15. Mjösberg JM, Trifari S, Crellin NK, Peters CP, van Drunen CM, Piet B, et al. Human IL-25- and IL-33-responsive type 2 innate lymphoid cells are defined by expression of CRTH2 and CD161. Nat Immunol. 2011; 12:1055–1062.
16. Liao W, Lin JX, Leonard WJ. IL-2 family cytokines: new insights into the complex roles of IL-2 as a broad regulator of T helper cell differentiation. Curr Opin Immunol. 2011; 23:598–604.
17. Lao-Araya M, Steveling E, Scadding GW, Durham SR, Shamji MH. Seasonal increases in peripheral innate lymphoid type 2 cells are inhibited by subcutaneous grass pollen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014; 134:1193–1195.e4.
18. Himly M, Jahn-Schmid B, Dedic A, Kelemen P, Wopfner N, Altmann F, et al. Art v 1, the major allergen of mugwort pollen, is a modular glycoprotein with a defensin-like and a hydroxyproline-rich domain. FASEB J. 2003; 17:106–108.
19. Jahn-Schmid B, Kelemen P, Himly M, Bohle B, Fischer G, Ferreira F, et al. The T cell response to Art v 1, the major mugwort pollen allergen, is dominated by one epitope. J Immunol. 2002; 169:6005–6011.
20. Wan H, Winton HL, Soeller C, Tovey ER, Gruenert DC, Thompson PJ, et al. Der p 1 facilitates transepithelial allergen delivery by disruption of tight junctions. J Clin Invest. 1999; 104:123–133.
21. Herbert CA, King CM, Ring PC, Holgate ST, Stewart GA, Thompson PJ, et al. Augmentation of permeability in the bronchial epithelium by the house dust mite allergen Der p1. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1995; 12:369–378.
22. Stewart GA, Ward LD, Simpson RJ, Thompson PJ. The group III allergen from the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is a trypsin-like enzyme. Immunology. 1992; 75:29–35.
23. Yasueda H, Mita H, Akiyama K, Shida T, Ando T, Sugiyama S, et al. Allergens from Dermatophagoides mites with chymotryptic activity. Clin Exp Allergy. 1993; 23:384–390.
24. Asaka D, Yoshikawa M, Nakayama T, Yoshimura T, Moriyama H, Otori N. Elevated levels of interleukin-33 in the nasal secretions of patients with allergic rhinitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2012; 158:Suppl 1. 47–50.
25. Chu DK, Llop-Guevara A, Walker TD, Flader K, Goncharova S, Boudreau JE, et al. IL-33, but not thymic stromal lymphopoietin or IL-25, is central to mite and peanut allergic sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013; 131:187–200.e1-8.
26. Xue L, Salimi M, Panse I, Mjösberg JM, McKenzie AN, Spits H, et al. Prostaglandin D2 activates group 2 innate lymphoid cells through chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014; 133:1184–1194.
27. Barlow JL, Peel S, Fox J, Panova V, Hardman CS, Camelo A, et al. IL-33 is more potent than IL-25 in provoking IL-13-producing nuocytes (type 2 innate lymphoid cells) and airway contraction. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013; 132:933–941.
28. Shaw JL, Fakhri S, Citardi MJ, Porter PC, Corry DB, Kheradmand F, et al. IL-33-responsive innate lymphoid cells are an important source of IL-13 in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013; 188:432–439.
29. Miljkovic D, Bassiouni A, Cooksley C, Ou J, Hauben E, Wormald PJ, et al. Association between group 2 innate lymphoid cells enrichment, nasal polyps and allergy in chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergy. 2014; 69:1154–1161.
30. Walford HH, Lund SJ, Baum RE, White AA, Bergeron CM, Husseman J, et al. Increased ILC2s in the eosinophilic nasal polyp endotype are associated with corticosteroid responsiveness. Clin Immunol. 2014; 155:126–135.
31. Ho J, Bailey M, Zaunders J, Mrad N, Sacks R, Sewell W, et al. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015; 45:394–403.
TOOLS
Similar articles