Comparison of Icodextrin and 2.5% Glucose in Potassium Metabolism by Acute K+ load via Dialysate in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

Joo-Hark Yi; Yeo-Wook Yun; Sang-Woong Han; Ho-Jung Kim

doi:10.5049/EBP.2009.7.1.25

Abstract

This study aimed to compare the increment in plasma potassium concentration ([K⁺]) as well as the role of internal K⁺ balance for its changes following acute K⁺ supplementation between conventional 2.5% glucose (GD) and non-glucose containing dialysate (icodextrin, ID) in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. A total of 9 stable CAPD patients (5 men and 4 women; age, 56±13 years; 7 type-2 diabetics and 2 non-diabetics) on daily 4 exchanges of 2 L of glucose dialysate underwent the 6-hr dwell on fasting in the morning with 2 L of 2.5% glucose mixed with 20 mEq/L of KCl, and then the same regimen was repeated with icodextrin after 1-wk interval. The degree of intraperitoneal absorption was comparable, 65±2% in GD and 68±2% in ID, respectively (p=NS). However, despite the similar plasma K⁺ levels at the baseline of both regimens, its increment was significantly less in GD than ID, which was accompanied by more marked increase in the calculated intracellular K⁺ redistribution (68±3% vs. 52±3%, p<0.05). The basal levels of insulin were similar between the GD and ID groups. However, the change, checked up after 2 hours' dwell, from the basal insulin levels was much lower on ID. ID with a lesser degree of transcelluar K⁺ shift by the decreased secretion of insulin is more effective than the conventional glucose solution for acute K⁺ repletion via dialysate during CAPD. Furthermore, these results suggested that the role of insulin for the internal K⁺ balance was intact even in type-2 diabetic patients on CAPD.

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Introduction

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients using conventional glucose-containing dialysates (GD) reveal a high prevalence of hypokalemia1-4). Spital et al. documented that 36% of all CAPD patients had hypokalemia, that about 20% of these patients received potassium (K⁺) supplement, and for the correction of acute hypokalemia, a method using dialysate directly mixed with K⁺ was very safe and effective3). Furthermore, in a recently reported Chinese study, hypokalemia, represented in 20.3% of CAPD patients, could be an independent risk factor for their survival5).

7.5% icodextrin (ID), a new class of osmotic agents that is an alternative non-glucose-containing dialysate, has now been proven to be clinically useful in the fluid management of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and has improved biocompatibility when compared to the traditional solutions6-9). We evaluated differences in serum K⁺ profiles and influencing factors related internal K⁺ balance between GD and ID in stable CAPD patients, and additionally the safety and effectiveness of acute intraperitoneal K⁺ load.

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Subjects and Method

1. Subjects

We enrolled nine stable CAPD patients at Hanyang University Guri Hospital. They only used 1.5% or 2.5% glucose-containing peritoneal dialysate (GD, Dianeal®, Baxter Corporation, Chicago, Illinois, USA) 2 L regularly exchanged 4 times per day and were prescribed a strict low K⁺ diet (0.8 mEq/kg/day) by a renal dietician for at least 2 months. We excluded the patient who had received oral hypoglycemic agents. This interventional study was approved by the internal review board of Hanyang University Guri Hospital, and individual written consent was obtained before the study.

2. Methods

All enrolled patients received a 6-hr dwell of 2 L of 2.5% GD mixed with 40 mEq (20 mEq/L) of potassium chloride (KCl) on fasting in the morning. The same method was repeated with ID dialysate after a one-week interval. They stopped insulin therapy and β-blockers on the day of the intraperitoneal K⁺ load test.

Blood and peritoneal dialysate samplings were performed just before dialysate inflow and right after dialysate outflow in order to evaluate acute changes in serum K⁺, serum osmolality and neurohormones (including epinephrine, insulin, and aldosterone levels) after the peritoneal K⁺ loads. The total amounts of K⁺ absorbed from K⁺-mixed dialysate during dialysis and of K⁺ translocated into cells were calculated by the equation (1) of Spital et al.3).

(1) Calculated amount (%) of K⁺ shifted to ICF = [(K⁺ absorbed - 0.2 × BW × Δ serum K⁺) ÷ K⁺ absorbed]×100%3)

ICF, intracellular fluid; BW, body weight

Plasma insulin and serum aldosterone levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (insulin kit by Eiken Co., Tokyo, Japan, and aldosterone kit by Abbot Laboratories, Wiesbaden, Germany), plasma epinephrine by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection with a Waters 460 electrochemical detector (Waters Co., Milford, MA, USA), and serum osmolality with a Vapor Pressure Osmometer (Wescor Inc., Logan, UT, USA).

3. Statistical analysis

SPSS 12.0.1 for Windows software was used for all statistical analyses (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive data are expressed as mean±SD. The comparison between ID and GD was assessed by Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. A p value<0.05 was defined as statistically significant.

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Result

Nine CAPD patients at our hospital were enrolled in this study. The causes of end stage renal disease (ESRD) were type 2 diabetes mellitus (7/9) and chronic glomerulonephritis (2/9). The duration of CAPD was 6.9±6.4 (2-23) months (mean±SD (range)). The body mass index (BMI) was 26.6±2.9 (23.1-32.8). Normalized protein nitrogen appearance (nPNA) was 0.98±0.32 (0.74-1.47) g/day. The demographics of study population are shown in Table 1. The compositions of GD and ID used in this study are shown in Table 2.

Table 1

Baseline Characteristics of Nine CAPD Patients (5 male, 4 female; 7 type-2 diabetics, 2 chronic glomerulonephritis)

CAPD; continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis; nPNA, normalized protein nitrogen appearance; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.

Table 2

Comparison of the Compositions of Icodextrin and 2.5% Glucose Solution

1. Changes of serum K⁺ and insulin following intraperitoneal K⁺ load

Amount of intraperitoneal K⁺ (40 mEq, 20 mEq/L) load, in dailysate, was 0.54±0.37 (0.38-0.70) mEq/kg. On GD, plasma [K⁺] before and after intraperitoneal K⁺ loads was 4.10±0.12 mEq/L and 4.53±0.13 mEq/L, respectively On ID, plasma [K⁺] before and after intraperitoneal K⁺ loads was 4.09±0.12 mEq/L and 4.73±0.12 mEq/L, respectively. Thus the increment of plasma [K⁺] was significantly higher on ID (0.64±0.65 mEq/L on ID vs. 0.37±0.78 mEq/L on GD, p<0.05, Table 3, Fig. 1). In seven CAPD patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the increments of plasma [K⁺] were similar (0.64±0.84 mEq/L on ID vs 0.37±0.87 mEq/L on GD, p<0.05, Fig. 1) to average increments of plasma [K⁺].

Fig. 1

Comparison of increments in the plasma potassium concentrations ([K⁺]) between Icodextrin and 2.5% glucose solution following intraperitoneal administration of K⁺ (20 mEq/L) in CAPD patients (n=9). CAPD, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

Table 3

The Distribution of Plasma K⁺ between Icodextrin and 2.5% Glucose Solution following Intraperitoneal Administration of K⁺ (20 mEq/L) in Nine CAPD Patients

P_K0 I, Plasma [K⁺] before K⁺ load in Icodextrin; P_K0 G, Plasma [K⁺] before K⁺ load in 2.5% glucose solution; P_K6 I, Plasma [K⁺] 6-hr after K⁺ load in Icodextrin; P_K6 G, Plasma [K⁺] 6-hr after K⁺ load in 2.5% glucose solution; CAPD, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis; ESRD, end stage renal disease; IP, intraperitoneal; BW, body weight; DM, diabetes mellitus; CGN, chronic glomerulonephritis;

K⁺ absorbed through peritoneum were 25±1 mEq (65±2%) in ID and 26±2 mEq (68±2%) (p=NS, Fig. 2) in GD, but calculated K⁺ moving in intracellular space was less on ID (13±1 mEq (52±3%) vs. 18±2 mEq (68±3%) on GD, p<0.05, Fig. 3).

Fig. 2

Comparison of the absorbed K⁺ between Icodextrin and 2.5% glucose solution following intraperitoneal administration of K⁺ (40 mEq in 2 L) in nine CAPD patients. CAPD, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

Fig. 3

Comparison of the translocated K⁺ to intracellular fluid between Icodextrin and 2.5% glucose solution following intraperitoneal administration of K⁺ (40 mEq in 2 L) in CAPD patients (n=9). CAPD, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

After 6 hours' dwell of intraperitoneal K⁺ load, [K⁺] in dialysate outflow were 4.8±0.48 (4.0-5.4) mEq/L on ID and 4.7±0.4 (4.1-5.4) mEq/L on GD. The ratios between [K⁺] in dialysate and in plasma were 1.1±0.1 on ID and 1.1±0.5 on GD, thus the ratios were a relative equilibrium nearly close to 1.0.

The basal levels of insulin (18.3±3.8 µU/ml on GD vs. 19.1±4.3 µU/ml on ID) were similar between the GD and ID groups. However, the insulin level, checked up after 2 hours' dwell, were 17.7±4.0 µU/ml on ID vs. 30.9±6.0 µU/mL on GD, thus the change from basal insulin levels was much lower on ID (-1.5±0.6 µU/ml on ID vs. 12.6±2.6 µU/mL on GD, p<0.05, Fig. 4). In seven diabetic CAPD patients, similar results were shown that the change from basal insulin was also lower on ID (-1.5±0.6 µU/ml on ID vs. 11.1±3.1 µU/mL on GD, p<0.05, Fig. 4).

Fig. 4

Comparison of changes in the plasma insulin levels between Icodextrin and 2.5% glucose solution at 2-hr dwell following intraperitoneal administration of potassium in CAPD patients (n=9). CAPD, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

Changes of blood aldosterone, epinephrine, and osmolality from baseline levels were not significantly different through the 6-hr dwell in both regimens of GD and ID (Table 4).

Table 4

Comparison of Changes in the Plasma Aldosterone, Epinephrine and Osmolarity between Icodextrin and 2.5% Glucose Solution following Intraperitoneal Administration of Potassium (20 mEq/L) in Nine CAPD Patients

NS, not significant

2. Complications following intraperitoneal K⁺ load

All subjects did not complain any symptoms and signs and also their vital signs were stable after intraperitoneal K⁺ (40 mEq, 20 mEq/L) load.

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Discussion

Generally, K⁺ homeostasis is controlled by external and internal K⁺ balance. External K⁺ balance is maintained between K⁺ intake and excretion through the kidney and intestine. Internal K⁺ balance is affected by K⁺ redistribution between intracellular and extracellular spaces. However, in ESRD, K⁺ excretion through kidney reduces, thus, K⁺ homeostasis is maintained by low K⁺ diet, K⁺ removal by dialysis and intestine, and internal balance10). Especially, K⁺ removal in PD occurs by dialysate and ultrafiltrate amounts, exchange times per day, and average plasma [K⁺] level10, 11). Theoretically it would not be enough to maintain a safe plasma K⁺ level because daily K⁺ intake is greater than daily K⁺ removal through PD and excretion via the intestine1, 10). However, actually, in PD patients, normokalemia and mild hypokalemia are more frequent than hyperkalemia1-4). Why does that phenomenon occur? The answers are that K⁺ moves in intracellular space as glucose containing dialysate stimulates insulin secretion and intracellular and intramuscular Kv levels are higher in PD patients than in HD patients12). Thus, internal K⁺ balance, so called K⁺ redistribution, could play a role to maintain K⁺ homeostasis in PD.

After acute peritoneal K⁺ load, K⁺ absorption rates through the peritoneum were similar between ID and GD (65±2% vs. 68±2%), However Spital et al. reported that K⁺ absorption rates through the peritoneum were 73%3). The difference of absorption rates can be explained by the residual renal K⁺ excretion that might slightly remain in our study population because the average urine volume was 602 mL/day. Plasma [K⁺] increment was significantly higher in ID than GD after K⁺ load and the increment of insulin was significantly lower in ID than GD. Thus glucose containing dialysate could induce insulin secretion that caused K⁺ redistribution toward intracellular space.

Furthermore, a noticeable point is that internal K⁺ balance for K⁺ homeostasis could be intact in diabetic ESRD patients who have insulin resistance and impairment of insulin secretion3). A previous study by Tzamalouksa et al. has shown that the frequency and causes for plasma [K⁺] disturbances are similar between diabetic and nondiabetic dialysis patients10). A critical limitation of this study is that the size of our study population was not large enough to compare the difference between diabetic and nondiabetic PD patients, the result of seven diabetic PD patients in our study has shown that the increment of insulin was significantly higher in GD than ID, after K⁺ load. Such results represented that insulin, also in diabetic ESRD patients, could play a role to control internal K⁺ balance.

As mentioned above, the long term use of high-glucose containing dialysate could provoke peritoneal damage and insulin secretion that causes hyperinsulinemia or atherosclerotic cardiovascular accidents13). On the other hand, ID, as iso-osmolar and starch-derived glucose polymer, reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance13), and glucose degradation product (GDP) which material causes the peritoneal damage by the stimulation of mesothelial cell apoptosis and oncosis in peritoneum14). One study reported that the long term use of ID does not cause weight gain and edema15). Thus ID is expected to substitute for GD in hypokalemic PD patients due to lower peritoneal damage and lower K⁺ shift to intracellular space than GD.

In conclusion, we suggest that intraperitoneal K⁺ load and using ID to substitute for GD, as the treatment for acute hypokalemia in CAPD patient, could be safe and effective methods because ID less stimulates insulin secretion than GD. K⁺ homeostasis, in diabetic CAPD patients, could be well controlled without defects of internal K⁺ balance, so called K⁺ redistribution, in this study.

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