Abstract
A main aim of the Evidence-based Medicine is to make the best decision by related evidence in supplying healthcare services. To apply evidence-practice gap (EPG) is very helpful to scan for what evidence is necessary. EPG gave 4 parts depending on the existence of evidence and practice. Comparative effectiveness research could be suggested in the part on conducting a practice with evidence. Translational research would be applied in the part on no practice without evidence. The adaptation of previously clinical practice guideline (CPG) should be conducted in the part on treating patients without evidence. Finally, de novo development of CPG would be undertaken in the situation of not applying the known evidence for clinical practice. These trials would bring us to a new level in improving the level of quality in the nationwide healthcare system as well as to progress achievements in the Korean medical academy.
References
1. Bae JM, Park BJ, Ahn YO. Perspectives of clinical epidemiology in Korea. J Korean Med Assoc. 2013; 56:718–723.
2. Guyatt GH, Sinclair J, Cook DJ, Glasziou P. Users' guides to the medical literature: XVI. How to use a treatment recommendation. Evidence Based Medicine Working Group and the Cochrane Applicability Methods Working Group. JAMA. 1999; 281:1836–1843.
4. Bae JM. Comparative Effectiveness Evaluation as Outcomes Research. J Korean Soc Hypertens. 2012; 18:24–28.
5. Vogenberg FR. Comparative effectiveness research: valuable insight or government intrusion? P T. 2009; 34:684–685.
6. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering treatment to prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002; 288:2981–2997.
7. Ramsey SD, Veenstra D, Tunis SR, Garrison L, Crowley JJ, Baker LH. How comparative effectiveness research can help advance 'personalized medicine' in cancer treatment. Health Aff (Millwood). 2011; 30:2259–2268.
8. Leavitt MO, Downing GJ. Toward a future of personalized cancer care. Cancer. 2008; 113:1724–1727.
9. Crowley P. Prophylactic corticosteroids for preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; Cd000065.
10. Drummond MF, Schwartz JS, Jonsson B, Luce BR, Neumann PJ, Siebert U, et al. Key principles for the improved conduct of health technology assessments for resource allocation decisions. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2008; 24:244–258.
11. Kim SY, Gee SM, Lee SJ, Lee YJ, Park JE, Nam MH, et al. Guidance for development of clinical practice guideline. Ver 1.0. Seoul (KR): National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency;cited 11 Aug 2014. Available from:http://www.neca.re.kr/center/researcher/book_view.jsp?boardNo=CA&seq=5821&q=626f6172644e6f3d4341.
12. Sharpe N. Clinical trials and the real world: selection bias and generalisability of trial results. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2002; 16:75–77.
13. Roberts I, Yates D, Sandercock P, Farrell B, Wasserberg J, Lomas G, et al. Effect of intravenous corticosteroids on death within 14 days in 10008 adults with clinically significant head injury (MRC CRASH trial): randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004; 364:1321–1328.
14. Kim SY, Kim NS, Shin SS, Gee SM, Lee SJ, Kim SH, et al. Manual for guideline adaptation. Ver 2.0. Seoul (KR): National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency;cited 11 Aug 2014. Available from:http://www.cpg.or.kr/image/MANUAL.pdf.
15. Jenicek M. Epidemiology, evidenced-based medicine, and evidence-based public health. J Epidemiol. 1997; 7:187–197.
16. Westfall JM, Mold J, Fagnan L. Practice-based research-"Blue Highways" on the NIH roadmap. JAMA. 2007; 297:403–406.
17. Stewart R, Wiggins M, Thomas J, Oliver S, Brunton G, Ellison GT. Exploring the evidence-practice gap: a workshop report on mixed and participatory training for HIV prevention in Southern Africa. Educ Health (Abingdon). 2005; 18:224–235.
18. Phillips KA. Closing the evidence gap in the use of emerging testing technologies in clinical practice. JAMA. 2008; 300:2542–2544.
19. Glasgow RE, Emmons KM. How can we increase translation of research into practice? Types of evidence needed. Annu Rev Public Health. 2007; 28:413–433.
20. Woolf SH. Practice guidelines: a new reality in medicine. III. Impact on patient care. Arch Intern Med. 1993; 153:2646–2655.
21. Miller FH. The legal ramifications of the NCCN practice guidelines. Oncology (Williston Park). 1996; 10:35–39.
22. Merritt TA, Palmer D, Bergman DA, Shiono PH. Clinical practice guidelines in pediatric and newborn medicine: implications for their use in practice. Pediatrics. 1997; 99:100–114.
23. Doctor's News. Clinical practice guideline. Seoul (KR): Korea Medical Association;cited 11 Aug 2014. Available from:http://www.doctorsnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=60088.
24. Scott IA, Buckmaster ND, Harvey KH. Clinical practice guidelines: perspectives of clinicians in Queensland public hospitals. Intern Med J. 2003; 33:273–279.
25. Field MJ, Lohr KN. Clinical practice guidelines: directions for a new program. Washington (US): National Academies Press;cited 11 Aug 2014. Available from:http://www.nap.edu/catalog/1626.html.
26. Field MJ. Practice guidelines and quality of care. J Natl Med Assoc. 1994; 86:255.
27. Hill NS. Practice guidelines for noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation: help or hindrance? Chest. 2003; 123:1784–1786.
29. Lim W, Arnold DM, Bachanova V, Haspel RL, Rosovsky RP, Shustov AR, et al. Evidence-based guidelines--an introduction. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2008; 26–30.
30. Woolf SH, Grol R, Hutchinson A, Eccles M, Grimshaw J. Clinical guidelines: potential benefits, limitations, and harms of clinical guidelines. BMJ. 1999; 318:527–530.
31. Moses RE, Feld AD. Legal risks of clinical practice guidelines. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008; 103:7–11.
32. Tonelli MR, Curtis JR, Guntupalli KK, Rubenfeld GD, Arroliga AC, Brochard L, et al. An official multi-society statement: the role of clinical research results in the practice of critical care medicine. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012; 185:1117–1124.
33. Yu T, Vollenweider D, Varadhan R, Li T, Boyd C, Puhan MA. Support of personalized medicine through risk-stratified treatment recommendations - an environmental scan of clinical practice guidelines. BMC Med. 2013; 11:7.
34. Tokgozoglu L, Bruckert E. Implementation, target population, compliance and barriers to risk guided therapy. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012; 19:37–41.
35. Lacas A, Rockwood K. Frailty in primary care: a review of its conceptualization and implications for practice. BMC Med. 2012; 10:4.
36. Goldberger JJ, Buxton AE. Personalized medicine vs guideline-based medicine. JAMA. 2013; 309:2559–2560.
37. Rahme RJ, Batjer HH, Bendok BR. Guidelines or individualized medicine: can they be reconciled? Neurosurgery. 2011; 69:N19–N20.
38. Clinton JJ, McCormick K, Besteman J. Enhancing clinical practice. The role of practice guidelines. Am Psychol. 1994; 49:30–33.
39. Woolf SH. Practice guidelines: a new reality in medicine. I. Recent developments. Arch Intern Med. 1990; 150:1811–1818.
40. Davidoff F, Batalden P. Toward stronger evidence on quality improvement. Draft publication guidelines: the beginning of a consensus project. Qual Saf Health Care. 2005; 14:319–325.
41. Wennberg JE. Dealing with medical practice variations: a proposal for action. Health Aff (Millwood). 1984; 3:6–32.
42. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Introduction (The past is prologue to the future). Washington (US): cited 11 Aug 2014. Available from:http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/out2res/outcom1.htm.
43. Lohr KN, Eleazer K, Mauskopf J. Health policy issues and applications for evidence-based medicine and clinical practice guidelines. Health Policy. 1998; 46:1–19.
44. Kim MC. Differences of surgical costs with maximal 2.5 times. Seoul (KR): Chosum Ilbo;cited 11 Aug 2014. Available from:http://blog.chosun.com/blog.log.view.screen?blogId=24822&logId=4466795.
45. Kleinke JD, Malone DC, Urick PN. The shift toward evidence-based medicine - the role of community-based guidelines. J Manag Care Pharmacy. 2005; 11:Suppl 4. S3–S16.
46. Committee on Quality of Health Care in America. Crossing the quality chasm. Washington (US): Institute of Medicine;cited 11 Aug 2014. Available from:http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10027.html.
47. Weingarten S. Translating practice guidelines into patient care: guidelines at the bedside. Chest. 2000; 118:4s–7s.
48. Dahm P, Yeung LL, Gallucci M, Simone G, Schunemann HJ. How to use a clinical practice guideline. J Urol. 2009; 181:472–479.
49. Huettel SA, Song AW, McCarthy G. Decisions under uncertainty: probabilistic context influences activation of prefrontal and parietal cortices. J Neurosci. 2005; 25:3304–3311.
51. Martinez JM. Managing scientific uncertainty in medical decision making: the case of the advisory committee on immunization practices. J Med Philos. 2012; 37:6–27.
52. Ghosh AK. Understanding medical uncertainty: a primer for physicians. J Assoc Physicians India. 2004; 52:739–742.
54. McCullough LB. Responsibly managing uncertainties in clinical ethics. J Med Philos. 2012; 37:1–5.
55. Evans L, Trotter DR, Jones BG, Ragain RM, Cook RL, Prabhu FR, et al. Epistemology and uncertainty: a follow-up study with third-year medical students. Fam Med. 2012; 44:14–21.
56. Evans L, Trotter DR. Epistemology and uncertainty in primary care: an exploratory study. Fam Med. 2009; 41:319–326.
57. Eddy DM. Variations in physician practice: the role of uncertainty. Health Aff (Millwood). 1984; 3:74–89.
58. Hall KH. Reviewing intuitive decision-making and uncertainty: the implications for medical education. Med Educ. 2002; 36:216–224.
59. Beghi E, Citterio A, Cornelio F, Filippini G, Grilli R, Liberati A. Practice guidelines: a more rational approach to diagnosis and treatment and a more effective use of health care resources. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1998; 19:120–123.
60. Ghosh AK. On the challenges of using evidence-based information: the role of clinical uncertainty. J Lab Clin Med. 2004; 144:60–64.
61. Bravo Vergel Y, Sculpher M. Making decisions under uncertainty--the role of probabilistic decision modelling. Fam Pract. 2006; 23:391–392.
62. Chassin MR. Practice guidelines: best hope for quality improvement in the 1990s. J Occup Med. 1990; 32:1199–1206.
63. Hebert PC. Truth-telling in clinical practice. Can Fam Physician. 1994; 40:2105–2113.
64. Brodribb W. Barriers to translating evidence-based breastfeeding information into practice. Acta Paediatr. 2011; 100:486–490.
65. Becker M, Neugebauer EA, Eikermann M. Partial updating of clinical practice guidelines often makes more sense than full updating: a systematic review on methods and the development of an updating procedure. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014; 67:33–45.
66. Shipon DM, Nash DB. Quality in health care: what are the problems and what are the solutions? Tex Med. 2000; 96:61–65.