Abstract
The progression to minimally invasive techniques has been almost a natural evolution of the use of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) from the investigation of pleural diseases, such as pneumothorax, and pleural effusion. Surgical resection is the primary treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Minimally invasive thoracic surgery has been extensively used in the field of lung cancer. As the procedure has evolved and been studied, thoracoscopic lobectomy has been demonstrated to be a safe and oncologically effective strategy in the surgical management of patients with early stage NSCLC. VATS is a minimally invasive technique that has many advantages in postoperative pain and recovery time. Most surgeons perform VATS for lung cancer with three or more incisions. As the technique of VATS has evolved, single- or double-port VATS for lung cancer has been recently attempted and its advantages have been reported.
References
1. Jacobaeus HC. The cauterization of adhesions in artificial pneumothorax treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis under thoracoscopic control. Proc R Soc Med. 1923; 16:45–62.
3. Wakabayashi A. History of thoracoscopic surgery in Japan and the world. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009; 57:64–70.
4. Roviaro G, Rebuffat C, Varoli F, Vergani C, Mariani C, Maciocco M. Videoendoscopic pulmonary lobectomy for cancer. Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1992; 2:244–247.
5. Lewis RJ, Sisler GE, Caccavale RJ. Imaged thoracic lobectomy: should it be done? Ann Thorac Surg. 1992; 54:80–83.
6. Paul S, Altorki NK, Sheng S, Lee PC, Harpole DH, Onaitis MW, et al. Thoracoscopic lobectomy is associated with lower morbidity than open lobectomy: a propensity-matched analysis from the STS database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010; 139:366–378.
7. Licht PB, Jorgensen OD, Ladegaard L, Jakobsen E. A national study of nodal upstaging after thoracoscopic versus open lobectomy for clinical stage I lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013; 96:943–949. discussion 9-50.
8. Yoon YH, Lee DY, Kim HH, Bae GM. Lobectomy with video-assisted thoracoscopy. Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1993; 26:236–240.
9. Kim K, Kim HK, Park JS, Chang SW, Choi YS, Kim J, et al. Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy: single institutional experience with 704 cases. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010; 89:S2118–S2122.
10. Lee HS, Lee JW, Kim KI, Cho SW, Park SJ, Kim HS, et al. Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy: experience with 36 cases. Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009; 42:732–737.
11. Howington JA, Blum MG, Chang AC, Balekian AA, Murthy SC. Treatment of stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer: diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013; 143:e278S–e313S.
12. Swanson SJ, Herndon JE 2nd, D'Amico TA, Demmy TL, McKenna RJ Jr, Green MR, et al. Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy: report of CALGB 39802--a prospective, multi-institution feasibility study. J Clin Oncol. 2007; 25:4993–4997.
13. Zhu M, Fu XN, Chen X. Lobectomy by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for early stage of non-small cell lung cancer. Front Med. 2011; 5:53–60.
14. McKenna RJ Jr, Houck W, Fuller CB. Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy: experience with 1,100 cases. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006; 81:421–425. discussion 5-6.
15. Onaitis MW, Petersen RP, Balderson SS, Toloza E, Burfeind WR, Harpole DH Jr, et al. Thoracoscopic lobectomy is a safe and versatile procedure: experience with 500 consecutive patients. Ann Surg. 2006; 244:420–425.
16. Rocco G, Martin-Ucar A, Passera E. Uniportal VATS wedge pulmonary resections. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004; 77:726–728.
17. Gonzalez-Rivas D, Delgado M, Fieira E, Mendez L. Single-port video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy with pulmonary artery reconstruction. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2013; 17:889–891.
18. Gonzalez-Rivas D, Fieira E, Mendez L, Garcia J. Single-port video-assisted thoracoscopic anatomic segmentectomy and right upper lobectomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012; 42:e169–e171.
19. Gonzalez D, de la Torre M, Paradela M, Fernandez R, Delgado M, Garcia J, et al. Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy: 3-year initial experience with 200 cases. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011; 40:e21–e28.
20. Yan TD, Cao C, D'Amico TA, Demmy TL, He J, Hansen H, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery lobectomy at 20 years: a consensus statement. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. Forthcoming 2013.
21. Ferguson J, Walker W. Developing a VATS lobectomy programme--can VATS lobectomy be taught? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006; 29:806–809.
22. Andrade RS, Maddaus MA. Thoracoscopic lobectomy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010; 22:14–21.
23. Nicastri DG, Wisnivesky JP, Litle VR, Yun J, Chin C, Dembitzer FR, et al. Thoracoscopic lobectomy: report on safety, discharge independence, pain, and chemotherapy tolerance. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008; 135:642–647.
24. Demmy TL, Nwogu C. Is video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy better? Quality of life considerations. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008; 85:S719–S728.
25. Shaw JP, Dembitzer FR, Wisnivesky JP, Litle VR, Weiser TS, Yun J, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy: state of the art and future directions. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008; 85:S705–S709.
26. Yan TD, Black D, Bannon PG, McCaughan BC. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized trials on safety and efficacy of video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27:2553–2562.
27. Watanabe A, Koyanagi T, Ohsawa H, Mawatari T, Nakashima S, Takahashi N, et al. Systematic node dissection by VATS is not inferior to that through an open thoracotomy: a comparative clinicopathologic retrospective study. Surgery. 2005; 138:510–517.
28. Sagawa M, Sato M, Sakurada A, Matsumura Y, Endo C, Handa M, et al. A prospective trial of systematic nodal dissection for lung cancer by video-assisted thoracic surgery: can it be perfect? Ann Thorac Surg. 2002; 73:900–904.
29. Mun M, Kohno T. Video-assisted thoracic surgery for clinical stage I lung cancer in octogenarians. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008; 85:406–411.
30. Petersen RP, Pham D, Burfeind WR, Hanish SI, Toloza EM, Harpole DH Jr, et al. Thoracoscopic lobectomy facilitates the delivery of chemotherapy after resection for lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007; 83:1245–1249. discussion 50.
31. Hoksch B, Ablassmaier B, Walter M, Muller JM. Complication rate after thoracoscopic and conventional lobectomy. Zentralbl Chir. 2003; 128:106–110.
33. Sugiura H, Morikawa T, Kaji M, Sasamura Y, Kondo S, Katoh H. Long-term benefits for the quality of life after video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy in patients with lung cancer. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 1999; 9:403–408.
34. Walker WS. Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy: the Edinburgh experience. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998; 10:291–299.
35. Nakata M, Saeki H, Yokoyama N, Kurita A, Takiyama W, Takashima S. Pulmonary function after lobectomy: video-assisted thoracic surgery versus thoracotomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000; 70:938–941.
36. Nomori H, Horio H, Naruke T, Suemasu K. What is the advantage of a thoracoscopic lobectomy over a limited thoracotomy procedure for lung cancer surgery? Ann Thorac Surg. 2001; 72:879–884.
37. Li WW, Lee RL, Lee TW, Ng CS, Sihoe AD, Wan IY, et al. The impact of thoracic surgical access on early shoulder function: video-assisted thoracic surgery versus posterolateral thoracotomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003; 23:390–396.
38. Giudicelli R, Thomas P, Lonjon T, Ragni J, Morati N, Ottomani R, et al. Video-assisted minithoracotomy versus muscle-sparing thoracotomy for performing lobectomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994; 58:712–717. discussion 7-8.