Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children

Jeong In Oh; Seung Hoon Lee

doi:10.7599/hmr.2013.33.4.246

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Oh and Lee: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children

Review Article

Hanyang Medical Reviews 2013; 33(4): 246-252.

Published online: 25 November 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7599/hmr.2013.33.4.246

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children

Jeong In Oh, Seung Hoon Lee

Division of Rhinology & Sleep Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea.

Correspondence to: Seung Hoon Lee. Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123 Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan 425-707, Korea. Tel: +82-31-412-5170, Fax: +82-31-412-5174, shleeent@korea.ac.kr

Received 27 August 2013 Revised 7 October 2013 Accepted 16 October 2013

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by partial or complete upper airway obstruction which leads to reduction of blood oxygenation often accompanied by frequent arousal during sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea in children has many different clinical features, compared with adults. In children, obstructive sleep apnea is mainly caused by enlarged tonsils and adenoids. Other conditions such as obesity, craniofacial abnormality, and neuromuscular disease are also relevant predisposing factors. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is associated with various secondary sequelae such as cognitive dysfunction, behavioral problem, attention deficit, reduced sleep-related quality of life and so on. The objective diagnostic test, standard polysomnograhy is often needed to diagnose and stratify the severity of obstructive sleep apnea, because subjective symptoms and signs related to obstructive sleep apnea are not always consistent with the severity of respiratory disturbance. Childhood obstructive sleep apnea should be diagnosed and treated, if clinically suspected, because various symptoms, signs and consequences can be improved with proper management. Adenotonsillectomy is the first-line treatment modality in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. In addition, continuous positive airway pressure, rapid maxillary expansion, weight control, topical steroids, and antileukotrienes may be considered as adjuvant treatment options.

Keywords: Child, Sleep Apnea, Obstructive, Adenoidectomy, Polysomnography, Tonsillectomy

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Characteristics in clinical features, diagnosis and management in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, when compared to adults with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

REM, rapid eye movements; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; AHI, apnea hypopnea index; T&A, tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy; UPPP, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure.

Table 2

Indications of preoperative polysomnography in children with clinically suspected sleep-disordered breathing

SDB, sleep-disordered breathing.

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