PDF
ePub
Citation
Print
Abstract
Research is one of the available methods by which scientists can obtain results from various and complex events. Especially, experimental research is a fundamental method from which we are able to find clues from changes in materials. This experimental research is important not only for surgeons, but also for the general human being. The first step for an experiment is close observation. Second, a scientific question is needed for the establishment of a hypothesis. Finally, the scientist must proceed to the experiment to prove the raised hypothesis. And then, the proven hypothesis can be published as a journal and other people can share the valuable results. This is the normal scientific pathway for us to get high quality scientific evidence for natural daily events. In this paper, the author is willing to show experiments on himself and present how it is related to the surgeon and how important it is for the surgeon's practice.
Figures and Tables
References
1. Hempel S. John Snow. Lancet. 2013; 381:1269–1270.
2. Paneth N, Fine P. The singular science of John Snow. Lancet. 2013; 381:1267–1268.
3. Turk JL, Allen E. The influence of John Hunter's inoculation practice on Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccination against smallpox. J R Soc Med. 1990; 83:266–267.
4. Blalock A, Taussig HB. The surgical treatment of malformations of the heart. J Am Med Assoc. 1945; 128:189–202.
5. Blalock A. The surgical treatment of congenital pulmonic stenosis. Ann Surg. 1946; 124:879.
6. Williams JA, Bansal AK, Kim BJ, Nwakanma LU, Patel ND, Seth AK, et al. Two thousand Blalock-Taussig shunts: a six-decade experience. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007; 84:2070–2075. discussion 2070-5.
7. Starzl TE, Groth CG, Brettschneider L, Penn I, Fulginiti VA, Moon JB, et al. Orthotopic homotransplantation of the human liver. Ann Surg. 1968; 168:392–415.
8. Harrison JH, Merrill JP, Murray JE. Renal homotransplantation in identical twins. Surg Forum. 1956; 6:432–436.
9. Guild WR, Harrison JH, Merrill JP, Murray J. Successful homotransplantation of the kidney in an identical twin. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 1955; 67:167–173.
10. Brower PA, Harrison JH, Landes RR. Renal transplantation: history. Urology. 1977; 10:5–10.
11. Murray JE, Merrill JP, Harrison JH, Wilson RE, Dammin GJ. Prolonged survival of human-kidney homografts by immunosuppressive drug therapy. N Engl J Med. 1963; 268:1315–1323.
12. Billingham RE, Krohn PL, Medawar PB. Effect of cortisone on survival of skin homografts in rabbits. Br Med J. 1951; 1:1157–1163.
13. Morgan JA. The influence for cortisone on the survival of homografts of skin in the rabbit. Surgery. 1951; 30:506–515.
14. Krohn PL. The effect of cortisone on second set skin homografts in rabbits. Br J Exp Pathol. 1954; 35:539–544.
15. Krohn PL. The effect of steroid hormones on the survival of skin homografts in the rabbit. J Endocrinol. 1954; 11:78–82.
16. Medawar PB, Sparrow EM. The effects of adrenocortical hormones, adrenocorticotrophic hormone and pregnancy on skin transplantation immunity in mice. J Endocrinol. 1956; 14:240–256.
17. Sparrow EM. The behaviour of skin autografts and skin homografts in the guinea-pig, with special reference to the effect of cortisone acetate and ascorbic acid on the homograft reaction. J Endocrinol. 1953; 9:101–113.
18. Cannon JA, Longmire WP Jr. Studies of successful skin homografts in the chicken; description of a method of grafting and its application as a technic of investigation. Ann Surg. 1952; 135:60–68.
19. Zukoski CF, Callaway JM, Rhea WG Jr. Tolerance to a canine renal homograft induced by prednisolone. Surg Forum. 1963; 14:208–210.
20. Giannotti D, Patrizi G, Di Rocco G, Vestri AR, Semproni CP, Fiengo L, et al. Play to become a surgeon: impact of Nintendo Wii training on laparoscopic skills. PLoS One. 2013; 8:e57372.
21. Jones DB, Brewer JD, Soper NJ. The influence of three-dimensional video systems on laparoscopic task performance. Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1996; 6:191–197.
22. Palter VN, Orzech N, Reznick RK, Grantcharov TP. Validation of a structured training and assessment curriculum for technical skill acquisition in minimally invasive surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2013; 257:224–230.
23. Lynch J, Aughwane P, Hammond TM. Video games and surgical ability: a literature review. J Surg Educ. 2010; 67:184–189.
24. Schlickum MK, Hedman L, Enochsson L, Kjellin A, Fellander-Tsai L. Systematic video game training in surgical novices improves performance in virtual reality endoscopic surgical simulators: a prospective randomized study. World J Surg. 2009; 33:2360–2367.
25. Rosenberg BH, Landsittel D, Averch TD. Can video games be used to predict or improve laparoscopic skills? J Endourol. 2005; 19:372–376.
26. Badurdeen S, Abdul-Samad O, Story G, Wilson C, Down S, Harris A. Nintendo Wii video-gaming ability predicts laparoscopic skill. Surg Endosc. 2010; 24:1824–1828.
27. Boyle E, Kennedy AM, Traynor O, Hill AD. Training surgical skills using nonsurgical tasks--can Nintendo Wii improve surgical performance? J Surg Educ. 2011; 68:148–154.
28. Grantcharov TP, Bardram L, Funch-Jensen P, Rosenberg J. Learning curves and impact of previous operative experience on performance on a virtual reality simulator to test laparoscopic surgical skills. Am J Surg. 2003; 185:146–149.
29. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 2006; 126:663–676.
30. Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell. 2007; 131:861–872.
31. Paik SS, Jang SM, Jang KS, Lee KH, Choi D, Jang SJ. Leptin expression correlates with favorable clinicopathologic phenotype and better prognosis in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009; 16:297–303.
32. Lee SH, Lee SJ, Chung JY, Jung YS, Choi SY, Hwang SH, et al. p53, secreted by K-Ras-Snail pathway, is endocytosed by K-Ras-mutated cells; implication of target-specific drug delivery and early diagnostic marker. Oncogene. 2009; 28:2005–2014.
33. Jang KS, Song YS, Jang SH, Min KW, Na W, Jang SM, et al. Clinicopathological significance of nuclear PTEN expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Histopathology. 2010; 56:229–239.
34. Park YS, Yoo CW, Lee SC, Park SJ, Oh JH, Yoo BC, et al. Lipid profiles for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta. 2011; 412:1978–1982.
35. Yu YD, Kim KH, Lee SG, Choi SY, Kim YC, Byun KS, et al. Hepatic differentiation from human embryonic stem cells using stromal cells. J Surg Res. 2011; 170:e253–e261.
36. Jeon YE, Lee SC, Paik SS, Lee KG, Jin SY, Kim HR, et al. Histology-directed matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization analysis reveals tissue origin and p53 status of primary liver cancers. Pathol Int. 2011; 61:449–455.
37. Lee SB, Seo D, Choi D, Park KY, Holczbauer A, Marquardt JU, et al. Contribution of hepatic lineage stage-specific donor memory to the differential potential of induced mouse pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells. 2012; 30:997–1007.
38. Hwang S, Hong HN, Kim HS, Park SR, Won YJ, Choi ST, et al. Hepatogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model of thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis. Cell Biol Int. 2012; 36:279–288.
39. James SE, James FE. John Hunter's last letter to Edward Jenner. J Med Biogr. 2000; 8:213–214.
XML Download