Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases

Jong Ryeal Hahm

doi:10.7599/hmr.2012.32.4.219

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Hahm: Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases

Review Article

Hanyang Medical Reviews

Hanyang Medical Reviews 2012; 32(4): 219-226.

Published online: 28 November 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7599/hmr.2012.32.4.219

Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases

Jong Ryeal Hahm

Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea.

Corresponding author: Jong Ryeal Hahm. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 79 Gangnam-ro, Jinju 660-702, Korea. Tel: +82-55-750-8736, Fax: +82-55-758-9122, hahm5855@naver.com

Received 26 August 2012 Revised 11 October 2012 Accepted 18 October 2012

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Autoimmune thyroid disease is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPO), thyroglobulin (Tg), and the thyroid simulating hormone receptor (TSHR). The thyroid gland is a site of autoantibody secretion in autoimmune thyroid disease by the B cells infiltrated into the thyroid. Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a chronic autoimmune thyroid disease, characterized by the occurrence of high levels of serum thyroid antibodies for TPO and Tg and goiter, is the most common type of thyroiditis. A firm, diffuse, painless goiter is the most common initial finding in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Some patients have atrophic thyroid glands rather than goiter, which may represent the final stage of thyroid failure in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Levothyroxine is the treatment of choice for Hashimoto's thyroiditis presenting overt hypothyroidism. Patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and a thyroid nodule should undergo fine-needle aspiration biopsy to rule out lymphoma and thyroid carcinoma. Graves' disease is the most common cause of spontaneous hyperthyroidism in patients younger than 40 years of age. Patients with Graves' disease reveal heterogeneous lymphocytic infiltration without follicular destruction and also show various clinical presentations.

Keywords: Hashimoto Disease, Graves Disease, Thyroiditis, Autoimmune

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