Association Between Parental Socioeconomic Level, Overweight, and Eating Habits with Diet Quality in Korean Sixth Grade School Children

Han Byul Jang; Ju Yeon Park; Hye-Ja Lee; Jae Heon Kang; Kyung-Hee Park; Jihyun Song

doi:10.4163/kjn.2011.44.5.416

Journal List > Korean J Nutr > v.44(5) > 1043897

Go to TopGo to Top Go to BottomGo to Bottom

TOOLS

Jang, Park, Lee, Kang, Park, and Song: Association Between Parental Socioeconomic Level, Overweight, and Eating Habits with Diet Quality in Korean Sixth Grade School Children

Research Article

Korean Journal of Nutrition

Korean Journal of Nutrition 2011; 44(5): 416-427.

Published online: 31 October 2011

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2011.44.5.416

Association Between Parental Socioeconomic Level, Overweight, and Eating Habits with Diet Quality in Korean Sixth Grade School Children

Han Byul Jang¹, Ju Yeon Park¹, Hye-Ja Lee¹, Jae Heon Kang², Kyung-Hee Park³, Jihyun Song¹

¹Division of metabolic Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Cheongwon 363-951, Korea.

²Department of Family Medicine, Obesity Research Institute, Seoul Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul 100-032, Korea.

³Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Anyang, 431-796, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. (jhsong10@korea.kr)

Received 23 August 2011 Revised 8 September 2011 Accepted 14 October 2011

Abstract

This study investigated the association among parental socioeconomic level, overweight, and eating habits with diet quality in Korean sixth grade school children. A 3-day dietary survey was conducted, and a questionnaire and anthropometric data were collected from the Korean child obesity cohort (320 boys and 345 girls). The children were classified into two groups (low or high level) based on monthly household income and paternal and maternal education status. Lower maternal education status was associated with a higher risk for overweight in girls (odd ratio, 1.91; 95% confidence interval 1.07-3.44), whereas belonging to a higher socioeconomic group in terms of parental income or parental education level resulted in the consumption of significantly more fruit. Boys did not show significant differences in the intake of most nutrients or diet quality regardless of socioeconomic status. However, girls in the lower socioeconomic group had a lower food habit score (higher frequency of breakfast skipping and ramen noodle consumption), diet quality, and intake of nutrients (carbohydrate, vitamin C, potassium, and fiber) than those in the higher socioeconomic group. Therefore future nutrition policies and interventions should support parents and children with lower socioeconomic status to develop health-related behaviors that may prevent childhood overweight.

Keywords: parental socioeconomic level, children, overweight, eating habits, diet quality

Figures and Tables

Table 1

General characteristics of subjects according to gender and socioeconomic states

Mean ± SD or n (%). ^*: p <0.05 compared with each group by Chi-square test. 1) Overweight: BMI ≥ 85^# percentile (reference to the 2007 KCDC BMI-for-age growth chart)

Table 2

Odds Ratios for overweight risk according to gender and socioeconomic states

1) Odds ratios (95% Confidence intervals)

Table 3

Mean of daily food group intakes according to gender and socioeconomic states

Mean ± SD or n (%). ^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001 compared with low group in each group by independent t-test.

1) Ratio of plant food intake: animal food intake

Table 4

Mean of daily nutrient intakes according to gender and socioeconomic states

Mean ± SD. ^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001 compared with low group in each group by independent t-test

Table 5

Percentages of students whose intake of selected nutrient was less than EER or EAR

n (%). ^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01 compared with each group by Chi-square test

Table 6

Eating habits score of the subject according to gender and socioeconomic states

Mean ± SD. ^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001 compared with low group in each group by independent t-test

Table 7

Diet quality of the subject according to gender and socioeconomic states

Mean ± SD. ^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001 compared with low group in each group by independent t-test

Table 8

Correlations between Socioeconomic status and BMI, eating habits, and diet quality

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Notes

We thank all the participating schools, childrens and parents. This study was funded by a grant from the Korea National In-stitute of Health (4845-300-210-13).

References

1. Kim GM, Lee SY. The study on nutritional knowledge and eating behavior of elementary school senior students in Incheon area. J Korean Diet Assoc. 2000. 6(2):97–107.

2. Styne DM. Childhood and adolescent obesity. Prevalence and significance. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001. 48(4):823–854. vii

3. Park YS, Lee DH, Choi JM, Kang YJ, Kim CH. Trend of obesity in school age children in Seoul over the past 23 years. Korean J Pediatr. 2004. 47(3):247–257.

4. World Health Organization (WHO). Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation. 2003. Geneva: World Health Organization.

5. Höglund D, Samuelson G, Mark A. Food habits in Swedish adolescents in relation to socioeconomic conditions. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998. 52(11):784–789.

6. Abudayya AH, Stigum H, Shi Z, Abed Y, Holmboe-Ottesen G. Sociodemographic correlates of food habits among school adolescents (12-15 year) in North Gaza Strip. BMC Public Health. 2009. 9:185.

7. Samuelson G. Dietary habits and nutritional status in adolescents over Europe. An overview of current studies in the Nordic countries. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000. 54:Suppl 1. S21–S28.

8. Wardle J, Jarvis MJ, Steggles N, Sutton S, Williamson S, Farrimond H, Cartwright M, Simon AE. Socioeconomic disparities in cancer-risk behaviors in adolescence: baseline results from the Health and Behaviour in Teenagers Study (HABITS). Prev Med. 2003. 36(6):721–730.

9. Wang Y, Zhang Q. Are American children and adolescents of low socioeconomic status at increased risk of obesity? Changes in the association between overweight and family income between 1971 and 2002. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006. 84(4):707–716.

10. Lawlor DA, Ebrahim S, Davey Smith G. British women's heart and health study. Socioeconomic position in childhood and adulthood and insulin resistance: cross sectional survey using data from British women's heart and health study. BMJ. 2002. 325(7368):805.

11. Regidor E, Banegas JR, Gutiérrez-Fisac JL, Domínguez V, Rodríguez-Artalejo F. Socioeconomic position in childhood and cardiovascular risk factors in older Spanish people. Int J Epidemiol. 2004. 33(4):723–730.

12. Kivimäki M, Smith GD, Juonala M, Ferrie JE, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Elovainio M, Pulkki-Råback L, Vahtera J, Leino M, Viikari JS, Raitakari OT. Socioeconomic position in childhood and adult cardiovascular risk factors, vascular structure, and function: cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Heart. 2006. 92(4):474–480.

13. Oh SY, Kim MY, Hong MJ, Chung HR. Food security and children's nutritional status of the households supported by the National Basic Livelihood Security System. Korean J Nutr. 2002. 35(6):650–657.

14. Park NY, Choi YS. Nutritional status of school lunch-supported elementary school children in Gyeongbuk rural area. Korean J Nutr. 2008. 41(4):341–352.

15. Chung H, Eum YH, Kim JY. A study on the children's eating habits and food preference according to their parents' economic status (I) - Seoul & Gyeonggi (Incheon) area -. Korean J Nutr. 2008. 41(1):77–88.

16. Shim JE, Yoon J, Lee K, Kwon S. Evaluation of dietary intake of Korean school-aged children from low-income families by comparing with the Korean food guide: analysis of the data from the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Korean J Nutr. 2009. 42(8):691–701.

17. Kim MK, Ki M, Bang K, Kim K, Choi B, Kwon Y, Lee S, Kim C, Kang Y. The effect of parental socioeconomic status on the nutrient intake of urban and rural adolescents. Korean J Community Nutr. 1998. 3(4):542–555.

18. Park MJ, Yun KE, Lee GE, Cho HJ, Park HS. The relationship between socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome among Korean adults. Korean J Obes. 2006. 15(1):10–17.

19. Yoon YS, Oh SW, Park HS. Socioeconomic status in relation to obesity and abdominal obesity in Korean adults: a focus on sex differences. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006. 14(5):909–919.

20. Kim Y. Food and nutrient consumption patterns of Korean adults by socioeconomic status. Korean J Community Nutr. 2001. 6(4):645–656.

21. Nilsen SM, Krokstad S, Holmen TL, Westin S. Adolescents' health-related dietary patterns by parental socio-economic position, the Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT). Eur J Public Health. 2010. 20(3):299–305.

22. Shi Z, Lien N, Kumar BN, Holmboe-Ottesen G. Socio-demographic differences in food habits and preferences of school adolescents in Jiangsu Province, China. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005. 59(12):1439–1448.

23. Krebs-Smith SM, Smiciklas-Wright H, Guthrie HA, Krebs-Smith J. The effects of variety in food choices on dietary quality. J Am Diet Assoc. 1987. 87(7):897–903.

24. Kant AK, Schatzkin A, Harris TB, Ziegler RG, Block G. Dietary diversity and subsequent mortality in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993. 57(3):434–440.

25. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention & The Korean Pediatric Society. Body growth standard values of Korean pediatrics and juveniles in 2007. 2007.

26. The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans. 2010. 1st revision. Seoul:

27. Monteiro CA, Conde WL, Lu B, Popkin BM. Obesity and inequities in health in the developing world. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004. 28(9):1181–1186.

28. Yoon GA. Television watching, family social class, parental overweight, and parental physical activity levels in relation to childhood overweight. Korean J Community Nutr. 2002. 7(2):177–187.

29. Kim JK, Im JS, Yim J, Park SH, Hong DH. The relationship between economic status and adolescent obesity in Incheon, Korea. Korean J Obes. 2007. 16(2):76–85.

30. Oh IH, Cho Y, Park SY, Oh C, Choe BK, Choi JM, Yoon TY. Relationship between socioeconomic variables and obesity in Korean adolescents. J Epidemiol. 2011. 21(4):263–270.

31. Drewnowski A, Specter SE. Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004. 79(1):6–16.

32. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In depth analysis on the 3rd (2005) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 2006.

33. Kim MW, Han HK, Choi SS, Lee SD. A study on dietary pattern and nutritional status of the long-lived elderly people by food habit index in Ganghwa-gun area. Korean J Community Nutr. 2005. 10(6):892–904.

34. Choi MS, Han KH, Park KS. Comparison of dietary intakes by 24-hr dietary recall, dietary record and food frequency questionnaire among elderly people. Korean J Nutr. 2001. 34(6):688–700.

35. Hwang G, Jung L, Yoo M. The eating behaviors, nutrient intakes and hematological status of the lower grade primary school children in Gwangju. Korean J Food Nutr. 2001. 14(4):293–299.

36. Kim SY, Lee HJ. The influence of food habits on nutrient intake and body mass index in elementary school students in the Gyeongnam area. Korean J Community Nutr. 2007. 12(6):705–713.

37. Song YJ, Joung HJ, Kim YN, Paik HY. The physical development and dietary intake for Korean children and adolescens: food and nutrient intake. Korean J Nutr. 2006. 39(1):50–57.

38. Yoon CS, Bae YJ, Lee JC, Sung CJ. A study on status of magnesium, iron, copper, zinc in Korean obese male elementary school students. J Korean Diet Assoc. 2006. 12(4):378–389.

39. Bernstein MA, Tucker KL, Ryan ND, O'Neill EF, Clements KM, Nelson ME, Evans WJ, Fiatarone Singh MA. Higher dietary variety is associated with better nutritional status in frail elderly people. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002. 102(8):1096–1104.

40. Yoo SY, Song YJ, Joung H, Paik HY. Dietary assessment using dietary pattern analysis of middle school students in Seoul. Korean J Nutr. 2004. 37(5):373–384.

TOOLS

Similar articles