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Shin, Lee, Lee, Ann, Son, and Lee: Estimation of Sodium Intake of Adult Female by 24-Hour Urine Analysis, Dietary Records and Dish Frequency Questionnaire (DFQ 55)
Original Article
Korean Journal of Nutrition

Korean Journal of Nutrition 2010; 43(1): 79-85.

Published online: 28 February 2010

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/kjn.2010.43.1.79

Estimation of Sodium Intake of Adult Female by 24-Hour Urine Analysis, Dietary Records and Dish Frequency Questionnaire (DFQ 55)

Eun-Kyung Shin1, Hye-Jin Lee2, Jung-Jeung Lee3, Moon-Young Ann4, Sook-Me Son5, Yeon-Kyung Lee1

1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.

2Division of Chronic Disease Surveillance, Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Seoul 122-701, Korea.

3Department of Preventive Medicine, Keimyung University College of Medicine, Daegu 700-712, Korea.

4Public Health Division, Daegu Metropolitan City, Daegu 700-714, Korea.

5Food Science & Nutrition, Catholic University, Bucheon 420-743, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. (yklee@knu.ac.kr)

Received 30 September 2009       Revised 1 December 2009       Accepted 2 February 2010

© 2010 The Korean Nutrition Society

Abstract

This study assesses the sodium intake of adults by 24-hour urine analysis, dietary records review and a food intake questionnaire. Subjects were 236 adult female in Daegu. The results are summarized as follows: Sodium intake as indicated by the 24-hour urine analysis was 5,805.4 ± 3836.8 mg. This was significantly higher than intake indicated by dietary records (4415.4 ± 1935.1 mg) and the dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ 55)(4293.5 ± 1526.5 mg). The results of the 24-hour urine analysis and DFQ 55 showed that sodium intake was higher for the 65-to-74-year-old age group than for other age groups (p < 0.05, p < 0.05). Review of dietary records to examine typical sodium intake by food groups showed that 53.7% of the sodium consumed by subjects in all age groups came from seasonings and spices (2399.0 ± 1526.5 mg). The analysis of sodium intake by food groups using DFQ 55 showed 34.2% of their sodium came from consumption of kimchi (p < 0.001) and kimch, soup, stew and fish jorim accounted for 57.8% of total sodium intake. The results indicate positive correlation between age and sodium intake, as shown by the 24-hour urine analysis and food intake questionnaire (p < 0.05). Therefore, these results would be valuable as basic data for planning nutrition education for sodium intake reduction.

Keywords: sodium intake, 24-hour urine analysis, dietary record, dish frequency questionnaire

Figures and Tables

Table 1
Comparison of daily sodium intakes estimated by different methods
kjn-43-79-i001

Mean ± S.D.

DFQ: dish frequency questionnaire

*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001. NS: not significant

1) Values with the different small superscript are significantly different among different age by Duncan's multiple range test at p < 0.05.

2) Values with the different capital superscript are significantly different among different methods by Duncan's multiple range test at p < 0.05

Table 2
Mean sodium intake of adult female by food record method
kjn-43-79-i002

Mean ± S.D.

Values with the different superscript are significantly different among different food group by Duncan's multiple range test at p < 0.05

Table 3
Mean daily sodium intake of adult female by a dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ 55) method
kjn-43-79-i003

Mean ± S.D.

Values with the different small superscript are significantly different among different dietary group by Duncan's multiple range test at p < 0.05

Table 4
Correlations among estimated sodium intakes of adult female by different methods
kjn-43-79-i004

*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01. DFQ: dish frequency questionnaire

Notes

This research was supported by 2006 National Health Promotion Fund.

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