Lip and perioral soft tissue changes after bracket bonding using 3-D laser scanner

Won-Je Lee; Kee-Joon Lee; Hyung-Seog Yu; Hyoung-Seon Baik

doi:10.4041/kjod.2011.41.6.411

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Lee, Lee, Yu, and Baik: Lip and perioral soft tissue changes after bracket bonding using 3-D laser scanner

Original Article

Korean Journal of Orthodontics

Korean Journal of Orthodontics 2011; 41(6): 411-422.

Published online: 30 December 2011

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2011.41.6.411

Lip and perioral soft tissue changes after bracket bonding using 3-D laser scanner

Won-Je Lee, DDS, MSD^a, Kee-Joon Lee, DDS, MSD, PhD^b, Hyung-Seog Yu, DDS, MSD, PhD^c, Hyoung-Seon Baik, DDS, MSD, PhD^c

^aResident, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Korea.

^bAssociate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Institute of Cranio-facial Deformity, Yonsei University, Korea.

^cProfessor, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Institute of Cranio-facial Deformity, Yonsei University, Korea.

Corresponding author: Hyoung-Seon Baik. Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 250 Seongsanno, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea. +82 2 2228 3102; baik@yuhs.ac.

Received 8 March 2011 Revised 27 September 2011 Accepted 30 September 2011

Abstract

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the lip and perioral soft tissue changes after bracket bonding.

Methods

The soft tissue changes in 45 adult patients (age greater than 18 years and less than 29 years) without severe skeletal discrepancy were evaluated using three-dimensional images acquired with a laser scanner before and after bracket bonding was performed using 4 types of labial orthodontic brackets.

Results

Among the statistically significant changes in distance observed for the landmarks, the biggest change was observed in forward movement. The landmarks on the lateral sides also showed significant changes. While the landmarks on the upper lip showed significant upward movement, those on the lower lip showed significant downward movement. However, the changes were smaller for the landmarks on the upper lip (average, 0.87 mm) than for the landmarks on the lower lip (average, 1.21 mm). The type of bracket used did not significantly affect the soft tissue changes.

Conclusions

These findings will help predict soft tissue changes after bracket bonding for orthodontic treatment.

Keywords: 3-D laser scanner, Bracket, Soft tissue

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1

Bracket width and height.

Fig. 2

A, VIVID 900 (Konica Minolta Sensing, Inc., Osaka, Japan) laser scanner; B, C, Procedure for orienting the patient's posture by using 2 spirit levels attached to a plastic hair band.

Fig. 3

Soft tissue landmarks. A, B, 3-D laser scanning images (texture mode); C, 3-D laser scanning image (vertex mode). N', Soft tissue nasion; Ex, exocanthion; En, endocanthion; Ala, nasal ala; Pn, pronasale; Sn, subnasale; ULP, upper lip point; Ls, labrale superius; Ls Rt, labrale superius right; Ls Lt, labrale superius left; Ch, cheilion; Stm, stomion; Li, labrale inferius; Li Rt, labrale inferius right; Li Lt, labrale inferius left; B', soft tissue B point; Pog', soft tissue pogonion; Tra, tragus; CK, cheek point.

Fig. 4

Coordinate system. X-axis, Left (+) and right (-); Y-axis, superior (+) and inferior (-); Z-axis, anterior (+) and posterior (-).

Fig. 5

A, Markings on the forehead and the 5 reference points; B, registered 3-D images with 1 coordinate system. N', Soft tissue nasion; Ex, exocanthionl; En, endocanthion.

Fig. 6

Shell-to-shell deviation. A, Absolute color (absolute value of the deviation); B, signed color (anterior movement [+], posterior movement [-]).

Table 1

The initial cephalometric and clinical measurements of 45 subjects

SD, Standard deviation; ALD, arch length discrepancy.

Table 2

The height and width of the upper central incisor brackets (mm)

Table 3

Changes in the coordinate values (X, Y, and Z) and distance of landmarks after bracket bonding (mm)

X axis, Left (+) and right (-); Y axis, superior (+) and inferior (-); Z axis, anterior (+) and posterior (-); Distance, = √(X₂-X₁)² + (Y₂-Y₁)² + (Z₂-Z₁)²; SD, standard deviation; Sig, significance; NS, not significant. ^*p < 0.05; ^†p < 0.01.

Table 4

Comparison of distance according to type of bracket (%)

Sig, Significance; NS, not significant. The abbreviation is the same as Fig 3.

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