Changes in surface roughness of bracket and wire after experimental sliding - preliminary study using an atomic force microscopy

Tae-Hee Lee; Ki-Ho Park; Ji-Yun Jeon; Su-Jung Kim; Hun-Kuk Park; Young-Guk Park

doi:10.4041/kjod.2010.40.3.156

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Lee, Park, Jeon, Kim, Park, and Park: Changes in surface roughness of bracket and wire after experimental sliding - preliminary study using an atomic force microscopy

Original Article

Korean Journal of Orthodontics

Korean Journal of Orthodontics 2010; 40(3): 156-166.

Published online: 30 June 2010

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2010.40.3.156

Changes in surface roughness of bracket and wire after experimental sliding - preliminary study using an atomic force microscopy

Tae-Hee Lee, DMD^a, Ki-Ho Park, DMD, MSD, PhD^b, Ji-Yun Jeon, DMD, MSD, PhD^c, Su-Jung Kim, DMD, MSD, PhD^d, Hun-Kuk Park, MD, MS, PhD^e, Young-Guk Park, DMD, MSD, PhD^f

^aGraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, Kyung-Hee University School of Dentistry, Korea.

^bClinical Instructor, Department of Orthodontics, Kyung-Hee University School of Dentistry, Korea.

^cPrivate Practice, Korea.

^dAssistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Kyung-Hee University School of Dentistry, Korea.

^eProfessor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung-Hee University School of Medicine, Korea.

^fProfessor, Department of Orthodontics, Kyung-Hee University School of Dentistry, Korea.

Corresponding author: Young-Guk Park. Department of Orthodontics, Kyung-Hee University School of Dentistry, 1, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea. +82 2 958 9392; ygpark@khu.ac.kr

Received 2 November 2009 Revised 14 February 2010 Accepted 17 February 2010

Abstract

Objective

The surface roughness of orthodontic materials is an essential factor that determines the coefficient of friction and the effectiveness of tooth movement. The aim of this study is to evaluate the surface roughness change of the brackets and wires after experimental sliding quantitatively.

Methods

Before and after experimental sliding tests, the surface roughness of stainless steel brackets, ceramic brackets, stainless steel wires, and beta-titanium (TMA) wires were investigated and compared using atomic force microscopy (AFM).

Results

After sliding tests, changes in the surface of the wire were greater than changes in the bracket slot surface. The surface roughness of the stainless steel bracket was not significantly increased after sliding test, whereas the roughness of ceramic brackets was decreased. Both the surface roughness of stainless steel and TMA wires were increased after sliding test. More changes were observed on the ceramic bracket than the stainless steel bracket.

Conclusions

AFM is a valuable research tool when analyzing the surface roughness of the brackets and wires quantitatively.

Keywords: Bracket, Friction, Surface roughness, Atomic force microscopy

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1

A, Atomic force microscopy used in this study (Nanostation II™ Surface Imaging Systems, Herzogenrath, Germany); B, Basic principle of atomic force microscopy (Beam deflection type).

Fig. 2

A, Stainless steel bracket - Succes® (Tomy); B, Ceramic bracket - Perfect® (Hubit).

Fig. 3

A, Grinding the brackets using high-speed hand-piece with chamfer bur white solid line indicate direction of grinding; B, Sliding test.

Fig. 4

A, 3D topographic image of stainless steel bracket surface before sliding test (left). 2-dimensional line profile of scanned image (right); B, 3D topographic image of stainless steel bracket surface after sliding test by stainless steel wire (left). 2-dimensional line profile of scanned image (right); C, 3D topographic image of stainless steel bracket surface after sliding test by TMA wire (left). 2-dimensional line profile of scanned image (right).

Fig. 5

A, 3D topographic image of ceramic bracket surface before sliding test (left). 2-dimensional line profile of scanned image (right); B, 3D topographic image of ceramic bracket surface after sliding test by stainless steel wire (left). 2-dimensional line profile of scanned image (right); C, 3D topographic image of ceramic bracket surface after sliding test by TMA wire (left). 2-dimensional line profile of scanned image (right).

Fig. 6

Surface roughness change of the brackets before and after sliding test (^*significantly different as p< 0.05 between groups).

Fig. 7

A, 3D topographic image of stainless steel wire surface before sliding test (left). 2-dimensional line profile of scanned image (right); B, 3D topographic image of stainless steel wire surface after sliding test on stainless steel bracket (left). 2-dimensional line profile of scanned image (right); C, 3D topographic image of stainless steel wire surface after sliding test on ceramic bracket (left). 2-dimensional line profile of scanned image (right).

Fig. 8

A, 3D topographic image of TMA wire surface before sliding test (left). 2-dimensional line profile of scanned image (right); B, 3D topographic image of TMA wire surface after sliding test on stainless steel bracket (left). 2-dimensional line profile of scanned image (right); C, 3D topographic image of TMA wire surface after sliding test on ceramic bracket (left). 2-dimensional line profile of scanned image (right).

Fig. 9

Surface roughness change of the wires before and after sliding test (^*significantly different as p< 0.05 between groups).

Table 1

Surface roughness (nm) of the brackets and wires before sliding test

SD, Standard deviation; ^*p< 0.05.

Table 2

Surface roughness (nm) of the brackets before and after sliding test

The different letters were significantly different at the level of p< 0.05. Three measurements of SS bracket and ceramic bracket were analyzed separately using ANOVA.

Table 3

Surface roughness (nm) of the wires before and after sliding test

The different letters were significantly different at the level of p< 0.05. Three measurements of SS wire and TMA wire were analyzed separately using ANOVA.

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