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Lim, Bae, Cha, Yu, and Hwang: Changes in pulpal blood flow during orthodontic tooth movement studied by Doppler ultrasound
Original Article

Korean J Orthod 2009;39(6):372-382.

Published online: 21 January 2009

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2009.39.6.372

Changes in pulpal blood flow during orthodontic tooth movement studied by Doppler ultrasound

Kyoung-Sub Lima, Young-Min Bae, PhDb, Jung-Yul Cha, DDS, MPH, PhDc, Hyung-Seog Yu, DDS, MPH, PhDd, Chung-Ju Hwang, DDS, MPH, PhDd

DDS

aResident, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Yonsei University.

bSenior Researcher, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute.

cAssistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Yonsei University.

dAssociate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Yonsei University.

eProfessor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Yonsei University.

Corresponding author: Chung-Ju Hwang. Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Oral Science Research Center, The Institute of Cranio-Facial Deformity, Yonsei University, 250, Seongsanno, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea. +82 2 2228 8775; e-mail, hwang@yuhs.ac.

Received 31 July 200816 October 2009       Accepted 20 October 2009

Copyright © 2009 The Korean Association of Orthodontists

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objective

This study was to change of pulp blood flow among maxillary and mandibular anterior tooth with mild crowding and adjacent teeth using Ultrasound Doppler graphy.

Methods

The change of pulp blood flow was measured three times using Ultrasound Doppler graphy; before the attachment of brackets, after 3 week, and after 6 week. The sample consists of 15 year old eighteen patients.

Results

Before the attachment of brackets, after 3 weeks, and after 6 weeks, there were no significant differences in the change of pulp blood flow in each part (maxilla and mandible) and each tooth according to period. In addition, to compare internal dangerousness of loss of the pulp vitality, when pulp blood flow is compared in each tooth before orthodontic treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in maxillary lateral incisor and mandibular canine but it showed low values in all measurement items (p ＞ 0.05).

Conclusions

Results of this study can be not only methodological preliminary data in further study such as tooth movement type of Ultrasound Doppler graphy and particular study considered the patient age, but also reference materials for the loss of pulp vitality in orthodontic treatment.

Keywords: Doppler ultrasound, Pulpal blood flow, Tooth vitality

REFERENCES

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Fig 1.
Doppler ultrasound equipment (Left) and 25 MHz probe (Right).
kjod-39-372_f1.tif
Fig 2.
Plastic template for repositioning probe.
kjod-39-372_f2.tif
Fig 3.
Blood flow velocity distribution. Vmax, Maximum velocity of blood flow; Vmin, minimum velocity of blood flow.
kjod-39-372_f3.tif
Fig 4.
Comparison of each variable for the maxillary (Mx) teeth before orthodontic treatment. Variable and it’s unit are shown together on horizontal line of graph.
kjod-39-372_f4.tif
Fig 5.
Comparison of each variable for the mandibular (Mn) teeth before orthodontic treatment. Variable and it’s unit are shown together on horizontal line of graph.
kjod-39-372_f5.tif
Table 1.
Definition of Doppler ultrasound variables
Variables Definition
Vas (cm/s) Maximum linear velocity during systolic period
Vam (cm/s) Average linear velocity during systolic period
Vakd (cm/s) Outlet linear velocity during diastolic period
Qam (ml/min) Average volume velocity during systolic period
Qas (ml/min) Maximum volume velocity during systolic period
PI Pulsation index; resilience of blood vessel
RI Circulation resistance
Table 2.
Comparison of pulpal blood flow change of 0, 3, 6 weeks
Variables 0 week 3 weeks 6 weeks Sig N
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
Vas (cm/s) 0.64 0.20 0.61 0.14 0.66 0.16 NS 54
Vam (cm/s) 0.29 0.14 0.29 0.15 0.33 0.16 NS 54
Vakd (cm/s) 0.29 0.14 0.30 0.15 0.36 0.17 NS 54
Qas (ml/min) 0.30 0.09 0.29 0.06 0.31 0.07 NS 54
Qam (ml/min) 0.14 0.06 0.13 0.06 0.16 0.07 NS 54
PI 0.76 0.15 0.72 0.14 0.72 0.20 NS 54
RI 0.52 0.06 0.50 0.06 0.50 0.09 NS 54

SD, Standard deviation; Sig, significance; NS, not significant.

Table 3.
Comparison of pulpal blood flow change of 0, 3, 6 weeks at maxilla (Mx) and mandible (Mn)
Variables 0 week 3 weeks 6 weeks Sig N
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
Vas (cm/s) Mx 0.68 0.20 0.66 0.13 0.68 0.18 NS 27
Mn 0.59 0.20 0.57 0.13 0.65 0.16 NS 27
Vam (cm/s) Mx 0.32 0.13 0.30 0.14 0.32 0.16 NS 27
Mn 0.26 0.15 0.27 0.16 0.33 0.16 NS 27
Vakd (cm/s) Mx 0.33 0.15 0.32 0.16 0.35 0.17 NS 27
Mn 0.26 0.14 0.28 0.15 0.36 0.18 NS 27
Qas (ml/min) Mx 0.32 0.09 0.31 0.06 0.32 0.08 NS 27
Mn 0.28 0.09 0.27 0.06 0.31 0.07 NS 27
Qam (ml/min) Mx 0.15 0.06 0.14 0.06 0.15 0.07 NS 27
Mn 0.12 0.07 0.12 0.06 0.16 0.08 NS 27
PI Mx 0.75 0.16 0.75 0.12 0.76 0.23 NS 27
Mn 0.77 0.15 0.69 0.16 0.67 0.16 NS 27
RI Mx 0.51 0.06 0.52 0.05 0.53 0.10 NS 27
Mn 0.52 0.06 0.48 0.07 0.47 0.07 NS 27

Mx, Maxilla; Mn, mandible; SD, standard deviation; Sig, significance; NS, not significant.

Table 4.
Comparison of RI according to position
Position Mean SD Sig N
Maxilla 0.52 0.07 * 27
Mandible 0.49 0.07 27

Sig, Significance; SD, standard deviation;

* p ＜ 0.01

Table 5.
Comparison of pulpal blood flow change (Vakd) in maxillary (Mx) central incisor and lateral incisor between 0 week and 6 week
Tooth 0 week 3 weeks 6 weeks Sig N
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
Mx central incisor 0.43 0.15 0.25 0.03 0.30 0.18 * 9
Mx lateral incisor 0.20 0.12 0.34 0.24 0.41 0.15 9

Sig, Significance; SD, standard deviation; NS, not significant;

* p ＜ 0.01.

Table 6.
Comparison of pulpal blood amount on each teeth of Mx. & Mn. before treatment
Variables Central incisor Lateral incisor Canine Sig N
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
Vas (cm/s) Mx 0.80 0.22 0.59 0.20 0.66 0.13 NS 27
Mn 0.62 0.28 0.64 0.14 0.52 0.16 NS 27
Vam (cm/s) Mx 0.41 0.14 0.23 0.10 0.32 0.11 NS 27
Mn 0.25 0.20 0.31 0.15 0.23 0.08 NS 27
Vakd (cm/s) Mx 0.43 0.15 0.20 0.12 0.35 0.07 NS 27
Mn 0.25 0.17 0.33 0.13 0.19 0.08 NS 27
Qas (ml/min) Mx 0.37 0.10 0.28 0.09 0.31 0.06 NS 27
Mn 0.29 0.13 0.30 0.06 0.24 0.07 NS 27
Qam (ml/min) Mx 0.19 0.07 0.11 0.04 0.15 0.05 NS 27
Mn 0.12 0.94 0.14 0.74 0.11 0.04 NS 27
PI Mx 0.80 0.18 0.70 0.15 0.75 0.15 NS 27
Mn 0.82 0.17 0.76 0.15 0.73 0.13 NS 27
RI Mx 0.52 0.05 0.50 0.07 0.51 0.06 NS 27
Mn 0.54 0.75 0.53 0.06 0.50 0.62 NS 27

Mx, Maxilla; Mn, mandible; Sig, significance; SD, standard deviation; NS, not significant.

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